Modeling the Future California Electricity Grid and Renewable Energy Integration with Electric Vehicles

This study focuses on determining the impacts and potential value of unmanaged and managed uni-directional and bi-directional charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to integrate intermittent renewable resources in California in the year 2030. The research methodology incorporates the utilization of multiple simulation tools including V2G-SIM, SWITCH, and GridSim. SWITCH is used to predict a cost-effective generation portfolio to meet the renewable electricity goals of 60% in California by 2030. PEV charging demand is predicted by incorporating mobility behavior studies and assumptions charging infrastructure and vehicle technology improvements. Finally, the production cost model GridSim is used to quantify the impacts of managed and unmanaged vehicle-charging demand to electricity grid operations. The temporal optimization of charging sessions shows that PEVs can mitigate renewable oversupply and ramping needs substantially. The results show that 3.3 million PEVs can mitigate over-generation by ~4 terawatt hours in California—potentially saving the state up to about USD 20 billion of capital investment costs in stationary storage technologies.

Download Full-text

To Represent Electric Vehicles in Electricity Systems Modelling—Aggregated Vehicle Representation vs. Individual Driving Profiles

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 539

Author(s):

Maria Taljegard ◽

Lisa Göransson ◽

Mikael Odenberger ◽

Filip Johnsson

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Investment Model ◽

Research Issues ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Electricity System ◽

Home Location ◽

The Individual ◽

Storage Technologies

This study describes, applies, and compares three different approaches to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) in a cost-minimising electricity system investment model and a dispatch model. The approaches include both an aggregated vehicle representation and individual driving profiles of passenger EVs. The driving patterns of 426 randomly selected vehicles in Sweden were recorded between 30 and 73 days each and used as input to the electricity system model for the individual driving profiles. The main conclusion is that an aggregated vehicle representation gives similar results as when including individual driving profiles for most scenarios modelled. However, this study also concludes that it is important to represent the heterogeneity of individual driving profiles in electricity system optimisation models when: (i) charging infrastructure is limited to only the home location in regions with a high share of solar and wind power in the electricity system, and (ii) when addressing special research issues such as impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) on battery health status. An aggregated vehicle representation will, if the charging infrastructure is limited to only home location, over-estimate the V2G potential resulting in a higher share (up to 10 percentage points) of variable renewable electricity generation and an under-estimation of investments in both short- and long-term storage technologies.

Download Full-text

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Planning

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Novel Advancements in Electrical Power Planning and Performance ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8551-0.ch005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 118-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tushar Kumar ◽

Tripta Thakur

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Electricity Markets ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Low Cost ◽

Limited Range ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

The Public ◽

Electric Vehicle Adoption

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles would bring a paradigm shift in the way distribution infrastructure is planned and electricity markets operate. Electric vehicle adoption could help in meeting the worldwide targets for greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the health benefits for the public would be immense as the source of emissions would be far away from the massively populated areas. For electricity markets, electric vehicles can serve as a distributed plug in facility of energy storage at low cost requiring minimal capital investment from grid utilities. However, widespread electric vehicle adoption faces a number of hurdles such as limited range in comparison to Internal combustion engines, but from the grid perspective, it faces issues such as limitations of available charging infrastructure to charge large number of electric vehicles and longer charging time currently as compared to refueling fuel driven vehicles. This chapter explores such issues and their remedies in the current literature.

Download Full-text

Estimating Public Charging Demand of Electric Vehicles

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11215925 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 5925 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hardinghaus ◽

Seidel ◽

Anderson

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Business Models ◽

City Center ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Technical Developments ◽

User Groups ◽

Demand Shifts ◽

The City ◽

Charging Demand

Electric vehicles require sufficient public charging infrastructure. This in turn necessitates detailed information on charging demand. In this paper we present a four-step approach to estimating public charging demand of electric vehicles. Previous methods are limited in their ability to provide differentiated results and adapt to future developments. Therefore, we account for user groups (private, carsharing, commercial), technical developments (vehicles, infrastructure), infrastructure availability, and carsharing development (operational area, business models, autonomous vehicles). Our approach also considers the interactions between these factors and allows for scenario analysis yielding the quantity and spatial distribution of public charging demand. We demonstrate our approach for Berlin, Germany. We find that the majority of public charging demand results from carsharing. This demand is concentrated in the city center, even when carsharing is available citywide. Public charging demand for commercial users is relatively low and located outside the city center. For private users, public charging demand shifts to the city center with an increasing market penetration of electric vehicles and technological advancements (increased range, charging speed). Public demand from private users increases dramatically when private infrastructure is absent. Finally, public charging demand shifts to the city center when private users do not have private infrastructure.

Download Full-text

A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj12020054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Manh-Kien Tran ◽

Asad Bhatti ◽

Reid Vrolyk ◽

Derek Wong ◽

Satyam Panchal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Gas Turbines ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Limited Range ◽

Future Research ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Gasoline Vehicles ◽

Range Anxiety

Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent developments of each range extending technology. A comparison between the different technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented to help address future research needs. Since EVs will be a significant part of the automotive industry future, range extenders will be an important concept to be explored to provide a cost-effective, reliable, efficient, and dynamic solution to combat the range anxiety issue that consumers currently have.

Download Full-text

Energy Efficiency and Integration of Urban Electrical Transport Systems: EVs and Metro-Trains of Two Real European Lines

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12030366 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 366 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Adrián Fernández-Rodríguez ◽

Antonio Fernández-Cardador ◽

Asunción Cucala ◽

Maria Falvo

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Electrical Transport ◽

Short Interval ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Simulation Tools ◽

Detailed Simulation ◽

University Of Rome ◽

The Cost

Transport is a main source of pollutants in cities, where air quality is a major concern. New transport technologies, such as electric vehicles, and public transport modalities, such as urban railways, have arisen as solutions to this important problem. One of the main difficulties for the adoption of electric vehicles by consumers is the scarcity of a suitable charging infrastructure. The use of the railway power supplies to charge electric vehicle batteries could facilitate the deployment of charging infrastructure in cities. It would reduce the cost because of the use of an existing installation. Furthermore, electric vehicles can use braking energy from trains that was previously wasted in rheostats. This paper presents the results of a collaboration between research teams from University of Rome Sapienza and Comillas Pontifical University. In this work, two real European cases are studied: an Italian metro line and a Spanish metro line. The energy performance of these metro lines and their capacity to charge electric vehicles have been studied by means of detailed simulation tools. Their results have shown that the use of regenerated energy is 98% for short interval of trains in both cases. However, the use of regenerated energy decreases as the train intervals grow. In a daily operation, an important amount of regenerated energy is wasted in the Italian and Spanish case. Using this energy, a significant number of electric vehicles could be charged every day.

Download Full-text

A REVIEW ON RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology ◽

10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i08.038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shubham Parmar ◽

Mihir Patel

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Power Grid ◽

Energy Integration ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Renewable Energy Integration ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Electricity Grids ◽

Reduce Emissions ◽

Distribution Energy

Electric vehicles (EVs) or renewable energy (RE) sources provide the potential to significantly reduce emissions of carbon as of the economy's transport & power generation sectors. There can be a range of impacts and benefits to the mass adoption of EVs, with the ability to aid in integrating renewable energy into current electricity grids. Present literature on EVs, power grid as well as the integration of RE is reviewed in this paper. Literature’s main methods and assumptions are deliberated. Economic, environmental & the grid effects of EVs are studied. Several research studies have been conducted on the ability of EVs to integrate Res. literature indicates that excess RE generated on a power grid can be reduced significantly. In the Vehicle to grid (V2G) idea the Plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) can be performed as the load or as the distribution energy source. By using the V2G idea the performance of the electricity grid will increases. The efficiency, stability & reliability will increase.

Download Full-text