A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent developments of each range extending technology. A comparison between the different technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented to help address future research needs. Since EVs will be a significant part of the automotive industry future, range extenders will be an important concept to be explored to provide a cost-effective, reliable, efficient, and dynamic solution to combat the range anxiety issue that consumers currently have.

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Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Planning

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Novel Advancements in Electrical Power Planning and Performance ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8551-0.ch005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 118-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tushar Kumar ◽

Tripta Thakur

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Electricity Markets ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Low Cost ◽

Limited Range ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

The Public ◽

Electric Vehicle Adoption

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles would bring a paradigm shift in the way distribution infrastructure is planned and electricity markets operate. Electric vehicle adoption could help in meeting the worldwide targets for greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the health benefits for the public would be immense as the source of emissions would be far away from the massively populated areas. For electricity markets, electric vehicles can serve as a distributed plug in facility of energy storage at low cost requiring minimal capital investment from grid utilities. However, widespread electric vehicle adoption faces a number of hurdles such as limited range in comparison to Internal combustion engines, but from the grid perspective, it faces issues such as limitations of available charging infrastructure to charge large number of electric vehicles and longer charging time currently as compared to refueling fuel driven vehicles. This chapter explores such issues and their remedies in the current literature.

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A Study on the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India: The Mediating Role of Attitude

Vision The Journal of Business Perspective ◽

10.1177/0972262919875548 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

Anil Khurana ◽

V. V. Ravi Kumar ◽

Manish Sidhpuria

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Electric Car ◽

Toxic Emission ◽

Range Anxiety ◽

Fossil Fuel Emission ◽

The Government

Pollution of the environment is currently a global concern. Toxic emission from internal combustion engines is one of the primary air pollutants. In order to mitigate the effects of fossil fuel emission and address environmental concerns (ECs), electric vehicles (EVs) are being promoted aggressively all over the world. Various governments are encouraging people to switch to EVs by incentivizing the transition. Previous studies indicate that the high cost of the electric car, non-availability of charging infrastructure, time and range anxiety act as impediments to consumer adoption. The Government of India has given a call for ‘only Electric Vehicles’ on Road by 2030. This article is contemporary and examines the different factors that affect a consumer’s adoption of an EV. The respondents of the study are existing car owners in India. The data were analysed using Structured Equation Modelling (SEM). Attitude (ATT) emerged as a strong mediator, influencing the adoption of electric cars.

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Towards the Future of Sustainable Mobility: Results from a European Survey on (Electric) Powered-Two Wheelers

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13137151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 7151

Author(s):

Sebastian Will ◽

Claudia Luger-Bazinger ◽

Marcus Schmitt ◽

Cornelia Zankl

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Online Survey ◽

Leisure Activity ◽

Mobility Patterns ◽

Sustainable Mobility ◽

Driving Experience ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Range Anxiety ◽

The Face

Personal transport is of high importance in our society and the 2020 pandemic situation has reinforced this situation. At the same time, transport contributes to local emissions, which need to be reduced in the face of climate change. Changing from vehicles with internal combustion engines to light electric vehicles could be one promising approach. Therefore, we need to understand mobility patterns and attitudes towards E-mobility to create sustainable transport solutions that will be broadly accepted. An online survey with N = 432 participants across Europe was conducted. The majority of respondents came from Germany, followed by Italy, Austria and Sweden. Generally, cars are the main vehicle for personal transport. PTWs are used for commuting as well as leisure activity. Driving experience, easier parking and lower maintenance compared to cars are major reasons to choose a PTW. No differences between younger and elderly participants were observed. E-PTWs are primarily avoided due to high costs, range anxiety and expected problems with the charging infrastructure. To support sustainable mobility, these obstacles need to be overcome. One aspect is definitely the provision of better charging infrastructure or electric vehicles with increased range. Hence, given typical trip lengths and purposes, it might seem equally important to tackle prejudices and increase the knowledge about E-mobility with all its potential benefits in the population.

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Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Charging Infrastructure for Future EVs: From Experimental Track to Real Circulated Roads Demonstrations

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj10040084 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 84 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Stéphane Laporte ◽

Gérard Coquery ◽

Virginie Deniau ◽

Alexandre De Bernardinis ◽

Nicolas Hautière

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Wireless Power Transfer ◽

Future Generation ◽

Road Transport ◽

Future Research ◽

Power Transfer ◽

Wireless Power ◽

Mechanical Contact ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

System Characterization

In a context of growing electrification of road transport, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) appears as an appealing alternative technology as it enables Electric Vehicles (EVs) to charge while driving and without any mechanical contact (with overhead cables or rails in the ground). Although the WPT technology background dates from the end of 20th century, recent advances in semiconductor technologies have enabled the first real demonstrations. Within the FABRIC European project, the French research Institute VEDECOM and its partners implemented a whole prototype wireless power transfer charging infrastructure. The first demonstrations of Inductive WPT in different real driving conditions (up to 20 kW, from 0 to 100 km/h, with one or two serial vehicles) were provided. This paper describes the prototype equipment and its instrumentation and provides the system characterization results. The future of the Inductive WPT technology is further discussed considering its different technical and economic challenges. In parallel, how this technology could be part of future generation road infrastructures is discussed. Future research and demonstration steps are presented in the conclusion.

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Modeling the Future California Electricity Grid and Renewable Energy Integration with Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13205277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 5277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florian van Triel ◽

Timothy E. Lipman

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Cost Model ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Energy Integration ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Simulation Tools ◽

Storage Technologies ◽

Charging Demand

This study focuses on determining the impacts and potential value of unmanaged and managed uni-directional and bi-directional charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to integrate intermittent renewable resources in California in the year 2030. The research methodology incorporates the utilization of multiple simulation tools including V2G-SIM, SWITCH, and GridSim. SWITCH is used to predict a cost-effective generation portfolio to meet the renewable electricity goals of 60% in California by 2030. PEV charging demand is predicted by incorporating mobility behavior studies and assumptions charging infrastructure and vehicle technology improvements. Finally, the production cost model GridSim is used to quantify the impacts of managed and unmanaged vehicle-charging demand to electricity grid operations. The temporal optimization of charging sessions shows that PEVs can mitigate renewable oversupply and ramping needs substantially. The results show that 3.3 million PEVs can mitigate over-generation by ~4 terawatt hours in California—potentially saving the state up to about USD 20 billion of capital investment costs in stationary storage technologies.

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A behavioral intervention to reduce range anxiety and increase electric vehicle uptake

10.21203/rs.3.rs-722341/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mario Herberz ◽

Ulf Hahnel ◽

Tobias Brosch

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Behavioral Intervention ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Global Market ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Technological Adoption ◽

Financial Benefits ◽

Willingness To Adopt ◽

Range Anxiety

Abstract Electric vehicles are on the rise, but are still far from reaching the global market share required to achieve climate objectives. While financial and technological adoption barriers are increasingly removed, psychological barriers remain insufficiently addressed on a large scale. Here, we show that car owners substantially underestimate the compatibility of available battery capacities with their individual mobility needs, increasing the demand of long battery ranges and reducing willingness to adopt. We test a simple behavioral intervention in two randomized online experiments in Germany and the U.S.: providing tailored compatibility information reduced range anxiety and increased willingness to pay for electric vehicles. Compatibility information more strongly increased preferences than information about privileged access to charging infrastructure, and selectively increased preferences of car owners for whom an electric vehicle would yield higher financial benefits. This scalable intervention may complement classical policy approaches in achieving a resource-conscious and global electrification of mobility.

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Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12193721 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 3721 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Deepak Ronanki ◽

Apoorva Kelkar ◽

Sheldon S. Williamson

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Future Research ◽

Solid State Transformer ◽

Research Attention ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Medium Voltage ◽

Current State ◽

Fast Charging ◽

New Generation

With the growing fleet of a new generation electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to develop an adequate high power charging infrastructure that can mimic conventional gasoline fuel stations. Therefore, much research attention must be focused on the development of off-board DC fast chargers which can quickly replenish the charge in an EV battery. However, use of the service transformer in the existing fast charging architecture adds to the system cost, size and complicates the installation process while directly connected to medium-voltage (MV) line. With continual improvements in power electronics and magnetics, solid state transformer (SST) technology can be adopted to enhance power density and efficiency of the system. This paper aims to review the current state of the art architectures and challenges of fast charging infrastructure using SST technology while directly connected to the MV line. Finally, this paper discusses technical considerations, challenges and introduces future research possibilities.

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Fast-Charging Infrastructure Planning Model for Urban Electric Vehicles

10.5772/intechopen.100011 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tran Van Hung

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Future Research ◽

Planning Model ◽

Transit System ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Fast Charging ◽

Battery Degradation

Electric vehicles have become a trend as a replacement to gasoline-powered vehicles and will be a sustainable substitution to conventional vehicles. As the number of electric vehicles in cities increases, the charging demand has surged. The optimal location of the charging station plays an important role in the electric vehicle transit system. This chapter discusses the planning of electric vehicle charging infrastructure for urban. The purpose of this work develops an electric vehicle fast-charging facility planning model by considering battery degradation and vehicle heterogeneity in driving range, and considering various influencing factors such as traffic conditions, user charging costs, daily travel, charging behavior, and distribution network constraints. This work identifies optimal fast-charging stations to minimize the total cost of the transit system for deploying fast-charging networks. Besides, this chapter also analyzes some optimization modeling approach for the fast charging location planning, and point out future research directions.

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Different Scenarios of Electric Mobility: Current Situation and Possible Future Developments of Fuel Cell Vehicles in Italy

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12020564 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 564 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Guido Ala ◽

Gabriella Di Filippo ◽

Fabio Viola ◽

Graziella Giglia ◽

Antonino Imburgia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Fuel Cell Vehicles ◽

Passenger Transport ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Future Developments ◽

Range Anxiety ◽

Available Information

The diffusion of electric vehicles in Italy has started but some complications weight its spread. At present, hybrid technology is the most followed by users, due particularly to socioeconomic factors such as cost of investment and range anxiety. After a deep discussion of the Italian scenario, the aim of the paper is to recognize whether fuel cell technology may be an enabling solution to overcome pollution problems and respect for the environment. The opportunity to use fuel cells to store electric energy is quite fascinating—the charging times will be shortened and heavy passenger transport should be effortless challenged. On the basis of the present history and by investigating the available information, this work reports the current e-mobility state in Italy and forecasts the cities in which a fuel cell charging infrastructure should be more profitable, with the intention of granting a measured outlook on the plausible development of this actual niche market.

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Summary of the Key Technologies for Metric Range Extension of Electric Vehicles

Archives of Current Research International ◽

10.9734/acri/2019/v18i230130 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Salami A. Nasirudeen ◽

M. A. Aminu ◽

M. S. Haruna ◽

E. N. C. Okafor

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Limited Range ◽

Range Extension ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Market Penetration ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Range Anxiety ◽

Major Factors

Electric vehicle is a sustainable development which is capable of transforming the transport sector. It is a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine-based vehicle. Its technology is based on utilization of sustainable energy resources which are eco-friendly and replenishes in nature. Wide deployment of electric vehicle is expected to minimize the challenge of fossil fuel depletion and greenhouse emissions are expected to be reduced. However, despite all aforementioned advantages of the electric vehicle, its wide deployment faces some challenges including cost, size and range anxiety. Electric vehicles have limited range which is one of the major factors affecting its market penetration. Researchers highlighted several strategies/methods of extending its driving range. Thus, this work presents a review of different strategies proposed on range extension of the electric vehicle. The strengths and weaknesses of some of the proposed methods are also presented in this work.

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