scholarly journals Expenditure-Based Indicators of Energy Poverty—An Analysis of Income and Expenditure Elasticities

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Johannes Thema ◽  
Florin Vondung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Depth Sensitivity ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
Specific Country ◽  
The Eu

Energy poverty is high up on national and European Union policy agendas. A number of possible indicators to measure the issue have been identified in the literature, but comparable data with European coverage is scarce. The EU Commission thus proposes four independent indicators on the “EU Energy Poverty Observatory” based on self-reported items from the pan-European surveys on income and living conditions (SILC) and household budgets (HBS). It is of increasing public interest to analyse social impacts of energy policies, and quantify energy poverty indicators also from modelling. This paper first shortly outlines how the expenditure-based indicators using HBS micro data may be directly linked to existing macroeconomic models through their defining variables (energy expenditure and income). As endogenous modelling based on micro data is difficult, the link may be country-specific elasticities. The main contribution of the paper is a systematic in-depth sensitivity analysis of the two indicators to changes in income and energy expenditure following varying patterns in the underlying distributions of the micro data. The results may be used by future soft links to models. The results display sometimes counterintuitive effects. We find that whether these indicators increase/decrease after a change of income or energy expenditure largely depends on the specific country-wise income and energy expenditure distribution between households on a micro-level. Due to their definition, the examined indicators are especially sensitive, when income changes alter the indicator threshold values, which in these cases are the median values in underlying distributions. We discuss these findings and relate them to several indicator shortcomings and potential remedies through changes in indicator definition.

Where is the justice in EU anti-trafficking policy? Feminist reflections on European Union policy-making processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 135050682110293
Author(s):  
Sharron FitzGerald ◽  
Jane Freedman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Policy Forum ◽  
The Eu

In this article, we reflect on our personal experience of acting as ‘independent academic experts’ in an European Union (EU) policy forum, to reflect on how the EU utilises gender to legitimise certain policy discourses in combating sex trafficking. Starting from our personal experience, we draw on wider feminist research on gender expertise and on Fraser’s new reflexive theory of political injustice, to consider how the EU structures debates in this area to determine ‘who’ is entitled to speak and be heard on this issue. In a context in which sex trafficking policy intersects with a variety of competing agendas on – among other things – law and order, organised crime, immigration, asylum and border security policy, our argument will suggest that the exclusion of critical feminist voices and lack of alternative perspectives permits much scope for continuing inequality and injustice.

2. Theorizing EU Policy-Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-42
Author(s):  
Mark A. Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Judicial Politics ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Eu

This chapter surveys seven decades of theorizing about European Union policy-making and policy processes. It begins with a discussion of theories of European integration, including neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, institutionalism, constructivism, and postfunctionalism. It then considers the increasing number of studies that approach the EU through the lenses of comparative politics and comparative public policy, focusing on the federal or quasi-federal aspects of the EU and its legislative, executive, and judicial politics. It finally explores the vertical and horizontal separation of powers in the EU and concludes by looking at the ‘governance approach’ to the EU, with emphasis on multi-level governance and EU policy networks, Europeanization, and the question of the EU’s democratic deficit.

19. Policy-Making in a Time of Crisis Trends and Challenges

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Pollack ◽  
Helen Wallace ◽  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines trends and challenges in European Union policy-making during times of crisis. It first considers the main trends in EU policy-making that emerge from policy case studies, including experimentation with new modes of policy-making, often in conjunction with more established modes, leading to hybridization; renegotiation of the role of the member states (and their domestic institutions) in the EU policy process; and erosion of traditional boundaries between internal and external policies. The chapter proceeds by discussing the issue of national governance as well as the interaction between European and global governance. Finally, it explores how the EU has responded to the challenges of coping with enlargement from fifteen to twenty-eight member states, digesting the reforms adopted following the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon, and responding to the economic dislocation associated with the global financial crisis.

The Balkan Migration Route

2022 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Khudoliy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
European Union Enlargement ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of the chapter is to assess and link the issues of migration flows with the accession process of the Balkan countries and the European Union enlargement policy. The chapter argues that despite the recent changes in the EU commission's policy towards the candidate countries there is more to be done to foster the process and encourage domestic reforms in the countries. The chapter examines the process of migration along the Balkan migration route from 2001 till 2021 and its influence on the European Union policy and the policy of Balkan countries. The author links the issue of migration flows with the accession process of the Balkan countries, traces the connection between the issue of migration flows with the European Union enlargement, and analyzes the legal steps taken by the EU and the countries of the region in order to control the process of migration.

scholarly journals Countering Radicalisation of Muslim Community Opinions on the EU Level

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Zięba ◽  
Damian Szlachter
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Muslim Minorities ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
The Eu

The paper explores selected factors influencing the process of radicalisation leading to the use of political violence and terror by the Muslim minorities living in the European Union member states. Internal and external catalysts conditioning this process and methods of their analysis have been presented. The second section examines various counter-radicalisation and de-radicalisation efforts of the EU. The authors analysed the multidimensional European Union policy in the area of counteracting radicalisation for empowering the population and member states in preventing the radicalisation and recruitment to terrorism and emphasising the role of social partners and local authorities. Also, the promotion of good practices for combating radicalisation, developed under the auspices of the multidisciplinary Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) is presented.

20. The Stability of EU Policy-Making in a Turbulent World

2020 ◽  
pp. 471-494
Author(s):  
Mark A. Pollack ◽  
Christilla Roederer-Rynning ◽  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines trends in European Union policy-making during times of multiple, overlapping challenges. It first considers the main trends in EU policy-making that emerge from policy case studies, including experimentation with new modes of policy-making, often in conjunction with more established modes, leading to hybridization; renegotiation of the role of the member states (and their domestic institutions) in the EU policy process; and erosion of traditional boundaries between internal and external policies. The chapter proceeds by discussing the issue of national governance as well as the interaction between European and global governance. Finally, it explores how the EU has responded to the challenges of Brexit, the politicization of the Union, geopolitical upheaval, and the shock of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Legal Basis of European Union Policy: The Case of Environmental Policy

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Hovden
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Qualified Majority ◽  
Systematic Feature ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Eu

The choice of the legal basis for a given measure can influence the procedure by which legislation is adopted, and thereby the scope and content of EU policy. The ambiguity surrounding the choice of legal basis for environmental acts based in Articles 130s and 100a opened the way for a ‘legal-basis game’, where EU institutions chose the legal basis partly on the basis of political considerations. In the period 1987–93, the two most important legal bases for environmental acts (Articles 130s and 100a) were subject to very different procedures for adoption (unanimity and qualified majority voting, respectively). From 1993 onwards, both articles were subject to qualified majority voting. After a general discussion of the choice of legal basis and its significance for policy, this paper examines the choice of legal basis for environmental legislation during the period 1987–99. I conclude that, although the legal-basis game is played out with respect to certain acts, there is little evidence that it is a regular and systematic feature of the policy process in the EU.

scholarly journals LIFELONG LANGUAGE LEARNING IN EUROPE: POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Ingrida Žindžiuvienė ◽  
Austė Sruogaitė- Kuliešienė
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
Senior Adult ◽  
The Eu

Recent demographic changes in Europe (ageing, migration and others) demonstrate the importance of senior adult education – an urgent issue at both national and European Union policy levels. The problem of the research is grounded in the challenges that many European societies currently face: the retirement age being extended, employees need to adapt to the changed working conditions and satisfy urgent demands of the market. The aim of this research is to examine the current situation of senior adult language education in the EU. The research objectives question one of the basic needs faced by senior citizens - to acquire or maintain multilingual skills, without which their status in the competitive market would become complicated. In many European countries, senior adult education is viewed as an integral part of the whole education system that is directed towards engagement of senior citizens into active social life, job maintenance, development of cross-cultural communicative and language skills and more diverse opportunities for self-realization.

2. Theorizing EU Policy-Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Judicial Politics ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines various theories on European Union policy-making and policy processes. It begins with a discussion of theories of European integration: neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, the ‘new institutionalisms’, constructivism, and realism. It then considers the increasing number of studies that approach the EU through the lenses of comparative politics and comparative public policy, focusing on the federal or quasi-federal aspects of the EU and its legislative, executive, and judicial politics. It also explores the vertical and horizontal separation of powers in the EU and concludes by looking at the ‘governance approach’ to the EU, with emphasis on multi-level governance and EU policy networks, Europeanization, and the question of the EU’s democratic deficit.

scholarly journals Socio-religious relations in Ukrainian realities and European Union policy

2009 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Serhiy I. Zdioruk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional Treaty ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Single Currency ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Eu

The problems of the functioning of religion in the countries of the European Union (EU) are extremely complex and ambiguous. The EU is primarily political and economic. It is in these areas that active intra-integration processes are observed: introduction of a single currency, single payment system, actual “blurring” of borders between member states, development of the Constitutional Treaty, orientation towards the creation of a common market, a common transport network, harmonization of educational systems, etc.

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