scholarly journals Conflict Management for Target Recognition Based on PPT Entropy and Entropy Distance

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143
Author(s):  
Shijun Xu ◽  
Yi Hou ◽  
Xinpu Deng ◽  
Kewei Ouyang ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
True Target ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Probability Transformation ◽  
Belief Entropy ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Entropy Distance ◽  
Mutual Belief

Conflicting evidence affects the final target recognition results. Thus, managing conflicting evidence efficiently can help to improve the belief degree of the true target. In current research, the existing approaches based on belief entropy use belief entropy itself to measure evidence conflict. However, it is not convincing to characterize the evidence conflict only through belief entropy itself. To solve this problem, we comprehensively consider the influences of the belief entropy itself and mutual belief entropy on conflict measurement, and propose a novel approach based on an improved belief entropy and entropy distance. The improved belief entropy based on pignistic probability transformation function is named pignistic probability transformation (PPT) entropy that measures the conflict between evidences from the perspective of self-belief entropy. Compared with the state-of-the-art belief entropy, it can measure the uncertainty of evidence more accurately, and make full use of the intersection information of evidence to estimate the degree of evidence conflict more reasonably. Entropy distance is a new distance measurement method and is used to measure the conflict between evidences from the perspective of mutual belief entropy. Two measures are mutually complementary in a sense. The results of numerical examples and target recognition applications demonstrate that our proposed approach has a faster convergence speed, and a higher belief degree of the true target compared with the existing methods.

Do Managers Disclose or Withhold Bad News? Evidence from Short Interest

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dichu Bao ◽  
Yongtae Kim ◽  
G. Mujtaba Mian ◽  
Lixin (Nancy) Su
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Bad News ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Litigation Risk ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Short Interest

ABSTRACT Prior studies provide conflicting evidence as to whether managers have a general tendency to disclose or withhold bad news. A key challenge for this literature is that researchers cannot observe the negative private information that managers possess. We tackle this challenge by constructing a proxy for managers' private bad news (residual short interest) and then perform a series of tests to validate this proxy. Using management earnings guidance and 8-K filings as measures of voluntary disclosure, we find a negative relation between bad-news disclosure and residual short interest, suggesting that managers withhold bad news in general. This tendency is tempered when firms are exposed to higher litigation risk, and it is strengthened when managers have greater incentives to support the stock price. Based on a novel approach to identifying the presence of bad news, our study adds to the debate on whether managers tend to withhold or release bad news. Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the study.

scholarly journals Exploratory Choice Reflects the Future Value of Information

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Rich ◽  
Todd Matthew Gureckis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Value

The tension between exploration and exploitation is a primary challenge in decision making under uncertainty. Optimal models of choice prescribe that individuals resolve this tension by evaluating how information gained from their choices will improve future choices. However, research in behavioral economics and psychology has yielded conflicting evidence about whether people consider the future during exploratory choice, particularly in complex, uncertain environments. Adding to the empirical evidence on this issue, we examine exploratory decision making in a novel approach-avoid paradigm. In the first set of experiments we find that people parametrically increase their exploration when the expected number of future encounters with a prospect is larger. In the second we demonstrate that when the number of future encounters is unknown, as is often the case in everyday life, people are sensitive to the relative frequency of future encounters with a prospect. Our experiments show that people adaptively utilize information about the future when deciding to explore, a tendency that may shape decisions across several real-world domains.

scholarly journals Differentiating axonal loss and demyelination in chronic MS lesions: A novel approach using single streamline diffusivity analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244766
Author(s):  
Samuel Klistorner ◽  
Michael H. Barnett ◽  
Jakob Wasserthal ◽  
Con Yiannikas ◽  
Joshua Barton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Axonal Loss ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Lesion Core ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Loss Modelling ◽  
Direct Proportionality ◽  
Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

We describe a new single-streamline based approach to analyse diffusivity within chronic MS lesions. We used the proposed method to examine diffusivity profiles in 30 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis and observed a significant increase of both RD and AD within the lesion core (0.38+/-0.09 μm2/ms and 0.30+/-0.12 μm2/ms respectively, p<0.0001 for both) that gradually and symmetrically diminished away from the lesion. T1-hypointensity derived axonal loss correlated highly with ΔAD (r = 0.82, p<0.0001), but moderately with ΔRD (r = 0.60, p<0.0001). Furthermore, the trendline of the ΔAD vs axonal loss intersected both axes at zero indicating close agreement between two measures in assessing the degree of axonal loss. Conversely, the trendline of the ΔRD function demonstrated a high positive value at the zero level of axonal loss, suggesting that even lesions with preserved axonal content exhibit a significant increase of RD. There was also a significant negative correlation between the level of preferential RD increase (ΔRD-ΔAD) in the lesion core and the degree of axonal damage (r = -0.62, p<0.001), indicating that ΔRD dominates in cases with milder axonal loss. Modelling diffusivity changes in the core of chronic MS lesions based on the direct proportionality of ΔAD with axonal loss and the proposed dual nature of ΔRD yielded results that were strikingly similar to the experimental data. Evaluation of lesions in a sizable cohort of MS patients using the proposed method supports the use of ΔAD as a marker of axonal loss; and the notion that demyelination and axonal loss independently contribute to the increase of RD in chronic MS lesions. The work highlights the importance of selecting appropriate patient cohorts for clinical trials of pro-remyelinating and neuroprotective therapeutics.

scholarly journals A Novel Method for Conflict Data Fusion Using an Improved Belief Divergence Measure in Dempster–Shafer Evidence Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Tiantian Bao ◽  
Huiyun Sang ◽  
Zhaokun Wei
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Evidence Theory ◽  
External Support ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Combination Rule ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Belief Entropy

Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory plays an important role in multisource data fusion. Due to the nature of the Dempster combination rule, there can be counterintuitive results when fusing highly conflicting evidence data. To date, conflict management in D-S evidence theory is still an open issue. Inspired by evidence modification considering internal indeterminacy and external support, a novel method for conflict data fusion is proposed based on an improved belief divergence, evidence distance, and belief entropy. First, an improved belief divergence measure is defined to characterize the discrepancy and conflict between bodies of evidence (BOEs). Second, evidence credibility is generated to describe the external support based on the complementary advantages of the improved belief divergence and evidence distance. Third, belief entropy is utilized to quantify the internal indeterminacy and further determine evidence weight. Lastly, the classical Dempster combination rule is applied to fuse the BOEs modified by their credibility degrees and weights. As the results of numerical examples and an application show, the proposed divergence measure can overcome the invalidity of the existing measures in some special cases. Additionally, the proposed fusion method recognizes the correct target with the highest belief value of 98.96%, which outperforms other related methods in conflict management. The proposed fusion method also displays better convergence, validity, and robustness.

The influence of conflict with suppliers on retailers’ private label performance

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyoshi Takashima ◽  
Changju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test a model investigating the relationship between conflict with private label (PL) suppliers and retailers’ PL performance. The study also examines differences in the relationship based on two PL types, namely, price-oriented and differentiation-oriented PLs. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling and data obtained from a survey of general merchandise managers in 190 supermarket chains in Japan. Findings The results indicate that conflict with PL suppliers can have negative effects on retailers’ PL performance. Moreover, the use of price-oriented PLs leads to higher levels of conflict with PL suppliers than the use of differentiation-oriented PLs. Practical implications This study offers managerial insights into the importance of sophisticated conflict management in relation to PL suppliers and the efficacy of premium PLs, which may cost less in terms of conflict management than price-oriented PLs. Originality/value Considering the influence of conflict with suppliers on retailers’ PL performance, this study suggests a novel approach to examining conflict between PL suppliers and retailers by classifying PLs into two types, namely, price-oriented and differentiation-oriented PLs.

scholarly journals A New Conflict Management in Evidence Theory Based on DEMATEL Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Fan ◽  
Fuyuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Averaging Method ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
Evidence Theory ◽  
New Method ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Combination Rule

D-S evidence theory is widely used in data fusion. However, the result of Dempster’s combination rule is not efficient and in highly conflicting situation. Though the existing methods have been proved efficient to deal with conflict in some applications, the indirect conflict among evidence is neglected to some degree. To solve this problem, a new method is proposed based on decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and the belief correlation coefficient in this paper. The application in target recognition illustrates the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared with Dempster’s rule, averaging method and weighted averaging method, etc., the results obtained by the proposed method have better performance. The main reason is that the indirect conflict is well addressed in the proposed method.

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