scholarly journals Increasing Access to Electricity: An Assessment of the Energy and Power Generation Potential from Biomass Waste Residues in Tanzania

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1793
Author(s):  
Zahida Aslam ◽  
Hu Li ◽  
James Hammerton ◽  
Gordon Andrews ◽  
Andrew Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Diesel Generators

Tanzania has a high rural population, of which many rely on off-grid diesel generators to produce electricity. The focus of this paper is to assess if the waste biomass residues in Tanzania have sufficient energy potential to produce renewable electrical energy for small-scale electricity generation using off-grid diesel generators coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD) and/or gasification. The gaseous fuel produced can then be used to substitute diesel fuel used in small-scale dual fuel diesel gen-sets; thus, providing more affordable electricity whilst reducing dependency on fossil fuels. The biomass waste streams estimated are those arising from agriculture, forestry, livestock, and urban human waste. To answer this question, the energy potentials of each of these biomass waste streams are quantified, followed by further calculations to determine the electricity generation capacity per stream based on overall efficiencies of 10 and 25%. The results show that combined these waste streams have an energy potential of 385 PJ (for the base year of 2018) generated from 26,924 kilotonnes (kt). Collectively, these residues can produce at least 1.2 times the electricity generated nationally in 2018 using AD and gasification coupled with a diesel gen-set engine.

Biogas Energy Potential from Livestock Manures for Electricity Generation in Nakhonratchasima, Thailand

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 1104-1107
Author(s):  
Sureeporn Meehom ◽  
Wipanan Iaprasert ◽  
Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Biogas Energy

Electricity is a pre-requisite for technological progress and economy growth. Thailand has been facing an electric energy crisis in inadequate electricity generation capacity compared with the demand. It is essential to replace the conventional energy (e.g. fossil fuels) and electricity import with renewable energy resources, particularly biogas that can be play a major role to meet the electricity demand. This paper explores the current state of biogas energy potential from livestock manures in Nakhonratchasima, Thailand. The results show a potential of electricity produced from animal manures of cattle, buffalo, swine and poultry. The total annual recoverable rates of livestock manures and biogas yield in Nakhonratchasima Province are 431.334 Mtonne of dry matter and 119,631 Mm3, respectively. In energy terms, the annual amount of the recoverable biogas resources is equivalent to 2,691.691 PJ or 748 TWh. This total amount of available biogas energy potential can meet anticipated electricity demand. Therefore, the assessment of biogas energy resources will make a significant utilization of energy management in the future.

scholarly journals Sustainable Environmental Management and Valorization Options for Olive Mill Byproducts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Adnan Khdair ◽  
Ghaida Abu-Rumman
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Important Benefit ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Olive Mill

Cultivation of olive trees and olive oil production have been considered as a legacy for the Mediterranean region. This custom represents a very important benefit for many nations in terms of wealth and health. However, huge amounts of by-products and waste are generated during olive oil production. This represents a serious environmental impact on land and water bodies if not properly handled. Olive oil extraction generates two waste streams, a solid waste called pomace and olive mill wastewater (OMWW), which has been considered as highly pollutant and phytotoxic waste. These wastes have high disposal costs and predominantly generated from small-scale enterprises that have limited financial resources to treat them properly before discharge to the environment. Besides being a serious environmental problem, OMWW has potential economic value that remains to be utilized such as: fertilizers, valuable antioxidants agents and fatty acids needed in human diet. Also, Olive pomace is a valuable renewable energy source with an energy density of 23 MJ/kg and has become an inexpensive alternative for fossil fuels. Aiming at adding value to the olive production sectors and potential valorization options for byproducts in the MENA region, international practices applied in olive mills wastes management’s and treatment methods used in major oil producing countries are presented.

scholarly journals Solar Flower for Power Generation with Ability to Generate at Night

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 1579-1585
Author(s):  
Dr. Akhilendra Singh Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Artificial Light Source ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Generation Capacity

Today energy is the principle idea for socio-economic development. But because of incremental charge of environmental difficulty renewable strength offer a tremendous interest. This opportunity strength supply is constantly achieving more recognition because of non-stop discount in fossil fuels. It is the strength comes from solar, wind, rain etc. Among the non-conventional, renewable sources, sun power presents notable capability for conversion into electric power. Maximizing strength output from a sun is appropriate to growth efficiency. In order to maximize strength output, wishes to hold the panels aligned with the solar. This paper focuses with the generation capacity of solar energy during day time and as well as during night time. The proposed model guarantees the optimization of the conversion of sun energy into electrical energy via means of properly setting up the panel according with the input of artificial light source in night time and at the same time to that of the sun position during day time. An experimental prototype was built and results have proven the good performance. In future higher efficiencies of solar panels will prove a golden way in generation of solar power 4 times the input in the night time.

Emissions Performance of a Novel Combustor Burning Shredded Wood

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lindsey ◽  
M. Sawyer ◽  
A. Schmidt ◽  
P. Aubrey ◽  
A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Biomass Waste

The Air Force Research Laboratory, Airbase Technologies Division (AFRL/RXQ) is engineering and evaluating the Transportable Waste-to-Energy System (TWES). This trailer mounted system will convert military base waste and biomass waste streams to useful heat and power. The Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) is a TWES funding partner. The first stage of the project is a suspension-type combustor (furnace). The furnace has been built and tested. A key feature of the furnace system is its unique patented combustion coil design. The design is intended to maximize ablative heat transfer by increasing particle residence time near a radiant ignition source. The innovative features of the design are targeted at ensuring that the system can be highly fuel-flexible to convert a variety of biomass and other waste streams to energy while demonstrating very low emissions. In 2008, the unit underwent two days of emissions stack testing using established Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. During the testing, extensive real-time data were also collected. This paper presents the data and corresponding analysis of the recent emissions testing performed while utilizing dry wood chips as a control fuel. Detailed emission comparisons are presented using publicly available information from commercial units and from a similarly sized experimental system for small biomass combustion. Key combustion efficiency factors, such as carbon monoxide emissions and nitrogen oxide emissions are presented. The authors also provide commentary on the results for next generation units and the use of this mode of energy conversion for small scale systems.

scholarly journals An experimental investigation into a novel small-scale device for energy harvesting using vortex-induced vibration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Moradi Gharghani ◽  
Mohamad Ali Bijarchi ◽  
Omid Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Behshad Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Vortex Induced Vibration ◽  
Geometrical Shapes ◽  
Oscillating Plate

Abstract Renewable energies could be a good solution to the problems associated with fossil fuels. The storage of wind energy by means of small-scale devices rather than large-scale turbines is a topic that has gained lots of interest. In this study, a compact device is proposed to harvest wind energy and transform it into electrical energy, by means of oscillations of a magnet into a coil, using the concept of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) behind a barrier. For a more comprehensive investigation, this system is studied from two viewpoints of fluid mechanics (without magnet) and power generation (with the magnet). For this purpose, an oscillating plate hinging on one side and three barriers with different geometrical shapes including cylindrical, triangular and rectangular barriers are used. In addition to the effect of barrier geometry, the impacts of various barriers dimensions, the distance between the plate and the barriers as well as inclination angle of the plate with respect to the horizon on the amplitude of oscillations and generated power are investigated. Results showed that in each case, there is a unique Reynolds number in which the frequency of vortex shedding equals to the frequency of plate oscillation and the output power from the energy harvester device is maximum. Besides, by increasing the barrier dimensions, the amplitude of oscillations increases up to three times, which leads to a higher generated power. Finally, by considering the studied parameters, the best conditions for generating energy using the VIV method are presented for design purposes. Among all the considered cases, the cylindrical barrier with the highest diameter and nearest distance to the plate led to the highest efficiency (0.21%) in comparison with other barriers.

scholarly journals Analysis of Performance and Control of DC Microgrids as Electricity Providers for Renewable Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 04032
Author(s):  
Denis ◽  
Enda Wista Sinuraya ◽  
Jaka Windarta ◽  
Yosua Alvin Adi Soetrisno ◽  
Kurnianto Fernanda
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distributed Generators ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
And Control

The increase in demand for electrical energy is increasing rapidly, in line with economic growth. In developing the electricity system, electrical energy service providers must provide electrical energy according to demand with good quality. The generation of conventional electric energy systems that use fossil fuels faces depleting fossil fuel sources, poor efficiency, and environmental pollution. This technology is known as Distributed Generation (DG). Distributed Generation (DG) or Micro Grid (MG) is a small-scale power plant located close to the load. The use of distributed generators can improve the entire system's efficiency, reduce transmission losses, reduce pollution, and ensure the continuity of the distribution of electrical energy. However, the drastic increase in the use of DG causes problems in the form of voltage and frequency stability which will be disturbed due to rapid changes in the generation and loading rates. If this is left unchecked, it can harm system security and reliability. A proper control strategy will restore system stability in the event of an imbalance.

scholarly journals The Application of Piezoelectric Sensor as Energy Harvester from Small-scale Hydropower

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 05024
Author(s):  
Hidayatul Aini Zakaria ◽  
Chan Men Loon
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Water Waves ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensor ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flowing Water

Renewable energy technology nowadays is advancing in research and application as an alternative for non-renewable energy sources including fossil fuels and coals since it is considerably less hazardous for the environment. In recent years, many studies to harvest energy from water energy including ocean waves and hydropower has been conducted. The inherent characteristic of the piezoelectric sensor which can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy has created an alternative to generate energy from renewable sources. The main aim of this research is to harvest energy from water movements which include self-generated water waves, automated water waves, flowing water and falling water. The piezoelectric sensor used in this research is a pressure-based piezoelectric sensor which means when there is a pressure exerted on the surface, it will generate electricity. A prototype was designed and simulated by Proteus software and the prototype was fabricated for energy harvesting from water movements. In this study, four methods had been used to harvest energy from small scale hydropower where two methods are from water waves generated from a hairdryer and ultrasonic cleaner and another two methods from falling water and flowing water. The results obtained shows that harvested energy from falling water gives the best results in which it has accumulated up to 13V in the same amount of time as compared to water waves and water flow.

scholarly journals Measures to Promote Renewable Energy for Electricity Generation in Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bouznit ◽  
María del P. Pablo-Romero ◽  
Antonio Sánchez-Braza
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Energy Projects ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
The Government

Algeria has enormous renewable energy potential. However, fossil fuels remain the main electricity generation source, and the country is the third largest CO2 emitter in Africa. Algeria is also particularly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, a set of actions related to energy, forests, industry and waste sectors have been programmed, over the period 2015–2030, and the government action program has given priority to promote renewable energy. In this sense, Algeria is committed to significantly promote investment in renewable energy, during the period 2020–2030. Thus by 2030, renewable electricity production capacity will achieve 22,000 MW, representing 27% of total electricity generation. This paper analyzes the electricity generation measures implemented in Algeria to reach the required energy mix, the legislative framework, financial aid, the feed-in tariff system, the tax incentives, and the tender and auctions undertaken. The analyses reveal that, although the electricity price premium policy has not been revoked, the newly enacted tender scheme is designed to become the standard procedure for launching renewable energy projects in Algeria in the coming years.

Integrative Analysis of Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation in U.S.: Demand and Supply Factors, Environmental Risks and Policy Evaluation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Agarwal ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Lee Chusak
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Demand And Supply

An equilibrium economic model for policy evaluation related to electricity generation has been developed; the model takes into account the non-renewable and renewable energy sources, demand and supply factors and environmental constraints. The non-renewable energy sources include three types of fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum, and renewable energy sources include nuclear, hydraulic, wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass wood, biomass waste and geothermal. Energy demand sectors include households, industrial manufacturing and commercial enterprises (non-manufacturing businesses such as software firms, banks, restaurants, service organizations, universities, etc.). Energy supply takes into account the electricity delivered to the consumer by the utility companies at a certain price which maybe different for retail and wholesale customers. Environmental risks primarily take into account the CO2 generation from fossil fuels. The model takes into account the employment in various sectors and labor supply and demand. Detailed electricity supply and demand data, electricity cost data, employment data in various sectors and CO2 generation data are collected for a period of seventeen years from 1990 to 2006 in U.S. The model is calibrated for the aggregate data. The calibrated model is then employed for policy analysis experiments if a switch is made in sources of electricity generation, namely from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. As an example, we consider a switch of 10% of electricity generation from coal to 5% from wind, 3% from solar photovoltaic, 1% from biomass wood and 1% from biomass waste. It should be noted that the cost of electricity generation from different sources is different and is taken into account. The consequences of this switch on supply and demand, employment, wages, and emissions are obtained from the economic model under three scenarios: (1) energy prices are fully regulated, (2) energy prices are fully adjusted with electricity supply fixed, and (3) energy prices and electricity supply both are fully adjusted.

scholarly journals Design and Energy Requirements of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Powered Water Desalination Plant for the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Saeed Alqaed ◽  
Jawed Mustafa ◽  
Fahad Awjah Almehmadi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Remote Community ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

Seawater or brackish water desalination is largely powered by fossil fuels, raising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the arid Middle East region. Many steps have been taken to implement solar resources to this issue; however, all attempts for all processing were concentrated on solar to electric conversion. To address these challenges, a small-scale reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination system that is in part powered by hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) solar collectors appropriate for a remote community in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was designed and its power requirements calculated. This system provides both electricity to the pumps and low-temperature thermal energy to pre-heat the feedwater to reduce its viscosity, and thus to reduce the required pumping energy for the RO process and for transporting the feedwater. Results show that both thermal and electrical energy storage, along with conventional backup power, is necessary to operate the RO continuously and utilize all of the renewable energy collected by the PVT. A cost-optimal sizing of the PVT system is developed. It displays for a specific case that the hybrid PVT RO system employs 70% renewable energy while delivering desalinized water for a cost that is 18% less than the annual cost for driving the plant with 100% conventional electricity and no pre-heating of the feedwater. The design allows for the sizing of the components to achieve minimum cost at any desired level of renewable energy penetration.

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