scholarly journals Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7524
Author(s):  
Piotr Szewczyk ◽  
Andrzej Łebkowski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Vehicle Loading ◽  
Light Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Electric Light ◽  
Drive Systems

This article presents the results of energy consumption research for an electric light commercial vehicle (eLCV) powered by a centrally located motor (4 × 2 drive system) or motors placed in the vehicle’s wheels (4 × 4 drive system). For the considered constructions of electric drive systems, mathematical models of 4 × 2 and 4 × 4 drive systems were developed in the Modelica simulation environment, based on real data. Additionally, the influence of changes in the vehicle loading condition on the operation of the motor mounted in the wheel and the energy consumption of the drive module was investigated. On the basis of the conducted research, a comparative analysis of energy consumption by electric drive systems in 4 × 2 and 4 × 4 configurations was carried out for selected test cycles. The tests carried out with the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) test cycle showed a roughly 6% lower energy consumption by the 4 × 4 drive system compared to the 4 × 2 configuration.

Identification of Energy Consumption and Energy Saving Potentials of Electric Drive Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Tallal Javied ◽  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Alireza Esfandyari ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Systematic Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Drive Systems

This paper provides an overview of different types of motor systems and several measurement principals in order to determine the electricity usage of these motors. It focuses on the measurement of electric values of different drive systems. A concept of rough analysis using software or excel based tools is discussed, which shows that it is a lot easier, efficient, and cost effective to first pin point the main electricity consumers and then initiate a fine analysis of these selected systems before a cost and time intensive process of measuring every single drive system is undertaken. To achieve this, a simple and systematic process is described in this paper, which can be used to identify the energy saving potential of drive systems without requiring expensive hardware.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo Simulation Methodology to Assess the Impact of Ambient Wind on Emissions from a Light-Commercial Vehicle Running on the Worldwide-Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Alexandros T. Zachiotis ◽  
Evangelos G. Giakoumis
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Ambient Wind ◽  
Simulation Methodology ◽  
Road Load ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

A Monte Carlo simulation methodology is suggested in order to assess the impact of ambient wind on a vehicle’s performance and emissions. A large number of random wind profiles is generated by implementing the Weibull and uniform statistical distributions for wind speed and direction, respectively. Wind speed data are drawn from eight cities across Europe. The vehicle considered is a diesel-powered, turbocharged, light-commercial vehicle and the baseline trip is the worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicles WLTC cycle. A detailed engine-mapping approach is used as the basis for the results, complemented with experimentally derived correction coefficients to account for engine transients. The properties of interest are (engine-out) NO and soot emissions, as well as fuel and energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Results from this study show that there is an aggregate increase in all properties, vis-à-vis the reference case (i.e., zero wind), if ambient wind is to be accounted for in road load calculation. Mean wind speeds for the different sites examined range from 14.6 km/h to 24.2 km/h. The average increase in the properties studied, across all sites, ranges from 0.22% up to 2.52% depending on the trip and the property (CO2, soot, NO, energy consumption) examined. Based on individual trip assessment, it was found that especially at high vehicle speeds where wind drag becomes the major road load force, CO2 emissions may increase by 28%, NO emissions by 22%, and soot emissions by 13% in the presence of strong headwinds. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the adverse effect of headwinds far exceeds the positive effect of tailwinds, thus explaining the overall increase in fuel/energy consumption as well as emissions, while also highlighting the shortcomings of the current certification procedure, which neglects ambient wind effects.

scholarly journals Use of mechanical resonance in impact machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 17006
Author(s):  
Wieslaw Fiebig ◽  
Jakub Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Mechanical Resonance ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
At Resonance ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Drive Systems

An innovative method exploiting mechanical resonance in machines drive systems, especially useful in impact machines, has been developed. Accumulation of energy at resonance can be applied to the drive system in a similar way as flywheels in eccentric presses. Under resonance conditions, the total energy consumption of the oscillating mass is equal to the energy lost due the damping forces. Energy accumulated in the oscillator can be several times greater than the energy supplied continuously to the oscillator. The developed method can be used in many applications, especially in impacting machines. Finally, the energy demand of resonance punching press will be compared with the energy demand of eccentric press.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Use of Electric and Hybrid Drives on SWATH Ships

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6486
Author(s):  
Andrzej Łebkowski ◽  
Wojciech Koznowski
Keyword(s):  
Electric Drive ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Hydrodynamic Resistance ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Electric Drive System ◽  
Drive Systems

The article presents issues related to the possibility of using electric and hybrid systems to drive Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) vessels. Ships of this type have significantly less sway and heave compared to monohull crafts and catamarans. Thanks to the synergistic combination of the hydrodynamic properties of SWATH hull and electric drive systems, they can be an interesting proposition for use in transport of passengers and offshore wind farms service crews. The paper presents comparative test results of an electric drive system powered by Hybrid Energy Storage System, which are a combination of systems consisting of batteries (BAT), hydrogen fuel cells (FC) and diesel generators (D). For the presented configurations of propulsion systems, mathematical models taking into account the hydrodynamic resistance of the hull of the vessel have been developed and implemented in the Modelica simulation environment. The tests carried out for various configurations of the drive system have shown reduced energy consumption by the DIESEL-ELECTRIC drive system (by approx. 62%), as well as the reduction of harmful greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere (by approx. 62%) compared to the conventional DIESEL drive.

scholarly journals Rating forces grip and driving and accelerations of the car with drive different configuration

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Rear Axle ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Four Wheel Drive ◽  
Mathematical Relations

Abstract The paper shows a typical drive systems used in today's vehicles, mainly cars. Approximated scheme of the formation of the driving force of the vehicle and the necessary mathematical relations for the calculation. For example, a typical passenger car BMW 320 was analyzed and calculations obtained a driving force, of adhesion and acceleration. The calculations were performed for the drive system, the classical (i.e. the rear axle of the vehicle) for front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive (4×4). Virtually assumed that to the above mentioned vehicle it is possible buildings of each of said system. These are shown graphically in diagrams bearing a distribution of the forces acting on the substrate and the reactions - the data necessary for the calculations. The resulting calculation is graphically shown in the diagrams, in which is illustrated a change value of the resulting adhesive strength, and the acceleration depending on the drive type vehicle.

Research on the Ride Comfort of Electric Drive System Based on Double Trailing Arm Suspension

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Shan Zhang ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Vertical Vibration ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Electric Drive System ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Dynamic Absorber ◽  
Drive Systems

Based on double trailing arm suspension, relating to two-wheel-drive structures with inhibition of vertical vibration: a motor-integrated electric wheel-drive system and an electric wheel-drive system of which the motor can swing up and down and act as a dynamic absorber. In the paper a unified differential equation of motion of the two electric wheel drive systems was deduced, and Matlab and Adams were applied to simulate and analyze the ride comfort of the two drive systems. The analysis results show that compared to the traditional In-Wheel Motor Driven EV, the vertical acceleration of the car body of either of the two drive systems is lower, which significantly increases the ride comfort of car. Between the two electric wheel-drive systems, the latter system with dynamic absorber motor is more efficient to inhibit vertical vibration.

scholarly journals Energy management system of the hybrid ultracapacitor-battery electric drive vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Electric Drive ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Real Traffic

The search for new, alternative propulsion and energy sources in transport is one of the economic and technological priorities of the current decade. The modern development of hybrid drives and electric means of transport makes it possible to at least partially diversify conventional drive systems. The study discusses the use of a battery and ultraca-pacitor in electric vehicles. Simulation analyzes of energy flow were performed using the solutions of electric drive systems and various energy storage control algorithms. The research was carried out in relation to the use of braking energy, its conversion into electricity and its storage in a battery or ultracapacitor. The operating conditions of the battery and the ultracapacitor were assessed in terms of specific energy consumption while driving. The article pro-posed the use of a drive system connected in series, the last link of which was an ultracapacitor. Such a solution signif-icantly reduced the use of the battery as well as its regular charging-discharging. At the same time, it required the use of a high-capacity ultracapacitor, which contributed to increasing its charging time. The analyzes were carried out using standardized research tests as well as tests in real traffic conditions. The research was carried out with the use of the AVL Cruise software for the analysis of energy flow in vehicles; a middle class passenger vehicle was selected for the tests, equipped with an electrochemical battery and – in the next stage of the research – an ultracapacitor. Three research models were used: I) typical electric drive system; II) a system with the use of ultracapacitors ran by a simple control algorithm; III) a system with the use of ultracapacitors with an advanced control algorithm (the algorithm took into account the change of driving conditions to the ultracapacitor charging conditions). The advantages of using ultracapacitors in the electric drive of a vehicle were demonstrated, especially for results obtained in real traffic condi-tions. Analyzing the simulation tests results allowed to determine the most advantageous options of utilizing these systems, in particular in the aspect of increased possibilities of algorithms controlling the flow of electricity in the drive system.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Drive System for Electric Motors based on the IRAM Module

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreyna Sárila Ramos Ferreira ◽  
Débora Debiaze De Paula ◽  
Paulo Jefferson Dias de Oliveira Evald ◽  
Rodrigo Zelir Azzolin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Drive ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Welding Robot ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Ac Motors ◽  
Drive Systems

With the increasing use of equipment that demand electric drive systems, the need for new systems that meet requirements of compactness, versatility, safety and low cost has increased. The IRAM module is an electronic circuit that provides a driver for DC and AC motors, being extremely compact and presents high performance. In this context, this work contributes to the power electronics area, presenting a design and construction of a low cost drive system, based on IRAM module, developed for individual or simultaneous drive, up to two DC motors. To carry out the experiments, DC motors responsible for moving a welding robot, were used. Experimental results are presented to shown the feasibility of using this system.

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