scholarly journals Reduction Reactivity of Low Grade Iron Ore-Biomass Pellets for a Sustainable Ironmaking Process

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ariany Zulkania ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat ◽  
Rochim Bakti Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Study Results

Currently, fossil fuels are still the primary fuel source and reducing agent in the steel industries. The utilization of fossil fuels is strongly associated with CO2 emissions. Therefore, an alternative solution for green steel production is highly recommended, with the use of biomass as a source of fuel and a reducing agent. Biomass’s growth consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which may be stored for variable amounts of time (carbon dioxide removal, or CDR). The pellets used in this study were prepared from a mixture of low-grade iron ore and palm kernel shells (PKS). The reducing reactivity of the pellets was investigated by combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and laboratory experiments. In the TGA, the heating changes stably from room temperature to 950 °C with 5–15 °C/min heating rate. The laboratory experiments’ temperature and heating rate variations were 600–900 °C and 10–20 °C/min, respectively. Additionally, the reduction mechanism was observed based on the X-ray diffraction analysis of the pellets and the composition of the reduced gas. The study results show that increasing the heating rate will enhance the reduction reactivity comprehensively and shorten the reduction time. The phase change of Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe increases sharply starting at 800 °C. The XRD intensities of Fe compounds at a heating rate of 20 °C/min are higher than at 10 °C/min. Analysis of the reduced gas exhibits that carbon gasification begins to enlarge at a temperature of 800 °C, thereby increasing the rate of iron ore reduction. The combination of several analyses carried out shows that the reduction reaction of the mixture iron ore-PKS pellets runs optimally at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. In this heating rate, the reduced gas contains much higher CO than at the heating rate of 10 °C/min at temperatures above 800 °C, which encourages a more significant reduction rate. In addition, the same reduction degree can be achieved in a shorter time and at a lower temperature for a heating rate of 20 °C/min compared to 10 °C/min.

Carbon Doped Iron Ore Using Palm Kernel Shell

2013 ◽  
Vol 701 ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusila Zamani Abd Rashid ◽  
Hadi Purwanto ◽  
Hamzah Mohd Salleh ◽  
Mohd Hanafi Ani ◽  
Nurul Azhani Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.

scholarly journals Reduction of low grade iron ore pellet using palm kernel shell

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusila Zamani Abd Rashid ◽  
Hamzah Mohd. Salleh ◽  
Mohd Hanafi Ani ◽  
Nurul Azhani Yunus ◽  
Tomohiro Akiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Iron Ore Pellet

scholarly journals Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Reduction Behaviors of Iron Ore Compacts in Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere and Kinetic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abourehab Hammam ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Hao Nie ◽  
Lei Zan ◽  
Weitian Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Degree Of Reduction ◽  
Isothermal Reduction ◽  
Co Gas

Abstract This study examines the isothermal and non-isothermal reduction behaviors of iron ore compacts in a pure hydrogen atmosphere and compares the results obtained during the reduction process by CO. The different phases accompanying the reduction reactions were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and its morphology was microscopically examined. In isothermal experiments, temperature plays a significant role in the reduction process. At any given temperature, the reduction rate during the initial stages is higher than that during the final stages. The reduction rate in H2 atmosphere was faster than in CO gas. The comparison of activation energy values suggested that reduction with H2 is more efficient than with CO. At the same temperature, the time required to achieve a certain degree of reduction was lower when using H2 gas than CO atmosphere. In non-isothermal tests, the heating rate has a significant effect on the reduction rate and reduction extent. At the same heating rate, the degree of reduction was higher in H2 atmosphere than in CO gas. Based on experimental data, the parameters of reaction kinetics were deduced by application of model-free and model-fitting methods. The reduction in H2 atmosphere was controlled by nucleation model (Avrami-Erofeev model), while the CO reduction reaction was controlled by gas diffusion.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Reduction Rate of Iron Ore by Utilizing Low Grade Iron Ore and Brown Coal Derived Carbonaceous Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1234-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouichi Miura ◽  
Keisuke Miyabayashi ◽  
Masato Kawanari ◽  
Ryuichi Ashida
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Carbonaceous Materials

Reduction of Low Grade Iron Ore Using a Mixture of Polyethilene (HDPE/LLDPE) and Coal as an Alternate Reductant

2015 ◽  
Vol 1112 ◽  
pp. 515-518
Author(s):  
Anistasia Milandia ◽  
Soesaptri Oediyani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Plastic Wastes

One attempt to utilize low grade iron ores involved the oxygen reduction by carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide commonly produced from the carboneous materials such as coal but using coal as a reductant may harm the environments. On the other hand, plastic wastes or polyethilene have large potential as reductants for iron ores because their major elements are hydrogen and carbon. If these wastes could be effectively used in the iron-making process, the total CO2 emissions caused by coal would decrease because a significant amount of plastic wastes is still simply incinerated without effective heat. Furthermore, the problems of polyethylene as a waste to the environments also can be eliminated. The aim of this research is to obtain sponge iron which has metallization more than 80 percent by using a mixture of coal and polyethilene as a reducing agent. The research variables are the compositions of reductant (3,5; 7,4; 10; 15 percent), temperature (900, 1100, and 1200°C), and times of the reduction (30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes). The result of the experiment shows that the most higher metalization is 80.22 percent reached by the temperature reduction 1200°C and time of reduction is 240 minutes. The experiment also shown that the used of 15 % HDPE giving maximum metalization for 86.79 percent. Although for 15 % LLDPE poliethilene giving maximum metalization for 81.31 percent.

scholarly journals Investigation into Biomass Tar-Based Carbon Deposits as Reduction Agents on Iron Ore Using the Tar Impregnation Method

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1623
Author(s):  
Ariany Zulkania ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Rochim Bakti Cahyono ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Biomass Tar

Increasing carbon deposits in iron ore to upgrade the reduction rate can be performed by impregnating iron ore in tar. Carbon containing iron ore was prepared from low-grade iron ore and biomass tar, which was generated from palm kernel shell (PKS) pyrolysis using the impregnation method. The optimum condition of the method was investigated by varying the tar-iron ore ratio (1 and 1.5) and impregnation time (0 and 24 h). After the carbonization of the tar–iron ore mixture in a flow-type quartz tubular fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C for an hour, the carbon deposits adhered well to surfaces of all iron ore samples. The carbon deposits increased when the ratio of tar-iron ore was enhanced. The effect of impregnation time on the formed carbon deposit only applied to the tar-iron ore ratio of 1, but it had a weak effect on the ratio of 1.5. The highest carbon content was obtained from the impregnation of a biomass tar–iron ore mixture with the ratio of 1.5 which was directly carbonized. In addition, the high water content of biomass tar affected the reformation of FeOOH at the impregnation within 24 h. Furthermore, the reduction reactivity of the obtained carbonized ore, which was observed using thermogravimetric analysis, was perceptible. The carbon deposits on iron ore were able to demote total weight loss up to 23%, compared to 8% of the dehydrated ore, during the heating process to 950 °C. The carbon content obtained from iron ore impregnation with biomass tar can act as reduction agents, thereby enhancing the reduction reactivity.

Biomass Reduction Roasting-Magnetic Separation of Low Grade Goethite

2015 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu Yue Wang ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Yong Huo Li ◽  
Xiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Reduction Roasting ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Iron Concentrate

The average grade of iron ores in China is around 32%, about 10% lower than the world’s average level. In order to alleviate the demand of iron ore for steelmaking industries, it is urgent to develop a highly efficient, energy-saving, low-carbon and environment-friendly technology. The goethite ore from Northern Hainan Island was studied via reduction magnetization by pine, rice chaff, and corn straw biomass fuels. The magnetic properties and magnetic separation were discussed by optimizing the parameters of roasting temperature, roasting time, and the ratio of biomass fuels. The results show that we could obtain concentrated iron ore grade of pine roasting and magnetic separation grade of iron concentrate 61.64% with the recovery of 79.75% via pine fuel roasting, 61.75% with the recovery 80.16% via rice chaff, and 61.47% with the recovery of 81.28% via corn straw roasting. Thereby, we could deduce that biomass fuels for reduction roasting of low goethite ore is promising to substitute the traditional coal and coke fossil fuels.

Catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 into components of motor fuels

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Bilokopytov ◽  
◽  
S.L. Melnykova ◽  
N.Yu. Khimach ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Co2 Conversion ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Hydrogenation Of Co2 ◽  
Mesoporous Zeolites ◽  
Motor Fuels

CO2 is a harmful greenhouse gas, a product of chemical emissions, the combustion of fossil fuels and car exhausts, and it is a widely available source of carbon. The review considers various ways of hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into components of motor fuels - methanol, dimethyl ether, ethanol, hydrocarbons - in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. At each route of conversion of CO2 (into oxygenates or hydrocarbons) the first stage is the formation of CO by the reverse water gas shift (rWGS) reaction, which must be taken into account when catalysts of process are choosing. The influence of chemical nature, specific surface area, particle size and interaction between catalyst components, as well as the method of its production on the CO2 conversion processes is analyzed. It is noted that the main active components of CO2 conversion into methanol are copper atoms and ions which interact with the oxide components of the catalyst. There is a positive effect of other metals oxides additives with strong basic centers on the surface on the activity of the traditional copper-zinc-aluminum oxide catalyst for the synthesis of methanol from the synthesis gas. The most active catalysts for the synthesis of DME from CO2 and H2 are bifunctional. These catalysts contain both a methanol synthesis catalyst and a dehydrating component, such as mesoporous zeolites with acid centers of weak and medium strength, evenly distributed on the surface. The synthesis of gasoline hydrocarbons (≥ C5) is carried out through the formation of CO or CH3OH and DME as intermediates on multifunctional catalysts, which also contain zeolites. Hydrogenation of CO2 into ethanol can be considered as an alternative to the synthesis of ethanol through the hydration of ethylene. High activation energy of carbon dioxide, harsh synthesis conditions as well as high selectivity for hydrocarbons, in particular methane remains the main problems. Further increase of selectivity and efficiency of carbon dioxide hydrogenation processes involves the use of nanocatalysts taking into account the mechanism of CO2 conversion reactions, development of methods for removing excess water as a by-product from the reaction zone and increasing catalyst stability over time.

Photochemical and Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by a Polyoxometalate-Organic Photosensitizer Complex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Dey ◽  
Ronny Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Hybrid Complex ◽  
Open Face

<p>A manganese substituted Anderson type polyoxometalate, [MnMo<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>]<sup>9-</sup>, tethered with an anthracene photosensitizer was prepared and used as catalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. The polyoxometalate-photosensitizer hybrid complex, obtained by covalent attachment of the sensitizer to only one face of the planar polyoxometalate, was characterized by NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show a catalytic response for the reduction of carbon dioxide, thereby suggesting catalysis at the manganese site on the open face of the polyoxometalate. Controlled potentiometric electrolysis showed the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO with a TOF of ~15 sec<sup>-1</sup>. Further photochemical reactions showed that the polyoxometalate-anthracene hybrid complex was active for the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to yield formic acid and/or CO in varying amounts dependent on the reducing agent used. Control experiments showed that the attachment of the photosensitizer to [MnMo<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>]<sup>9-</sup> is necessary for photocatalysis.</p><div><br></div>

Mineralogical studies of low grade iron ore from Bellary-Hospet region, India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanraj G. T. ◽  
Krishneindu P. ◽  
R. P. Choudhary ◽  
Sher Singh Meena ◽  
S. M. Yusuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Low Grade
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