Analysis of the Influence of the Degree of Reduction of Iron Ore Materials on the Shape and Location of the Cohesion Zone in a Blast Furnace

The paper considers the theoretical foundations of softening of iron ore materials in a blast furnace (the so-called ‘cohesion zone’). The dependences of the temperature range of softening of iron ore materials (the temperatures of the beginning and ending of softening) on the degree of reduction are calculated and experimentally obtained. Physical modelling of the softening process of reduced iron ore materials was carried out using the Russian State Standard No 26517-85. The results of calculations of the location and shape of the cohesion zone in the blast furnace for iron ore materials with different metallurgical characteristics are presented.

Degree of reduction in normal liver complication probability from free-breathing to breath-hold liver SBRT: A dose-escalation strategy using radiation dose-volume effect

Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the degree of reduction in normal liver complication probability (NTCP) from free-breathing (FB) to breath-hold (BH) liver SBRT. The effect of the radiation dose-volume on the mean liver dose (MLD) was also analyzed due to dose prescription, normal liver volume (NLV), and PTV. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were selected, retrospectively. For FB, the treatments were planned on average intensity projection scan (CTavg), and patient-specific internal target volume (ITV) margins were applied. To simulate the BH treatment, computed tomography (CT) scan correspond to the 40% - 50% of the respiratory cycle (CT40%-50%) was chosen, and an appropriate intrafraction margin of 2 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.5 mm were given in craniocaudal (CC), superior-inferior (SI), and lateral direction to generate the final iGTV. As per RTOG 1112, all organs at risk (OAR’s) were considered during the optimization of treatment plans. NTCP was calculated using LKB fractionated model. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to see the effect of EQD2Gy, NLV, and PTV on MLD2Gy. Results: A significant dosimetric difference was observed in the normal liver (liver-ITV/iGTV). A reduction of 1.7% in NTCP was observed from FB to BH technique. The leverage of dose escalation is more in BH because MLD2Gy corresponds to 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% NTCP was 0.099 Gy, 0.41 Gy, 1.21 Gy, and 3.432 Gy more in BH as compared to FB technique. In MVRA, the major factor which was attributed to a change in MLD2Gy is EQD2Gy. Conclusion: From FB to BH technique, a significant reduction in NTCP was observed. The dose prescription is a major factor attributed to the change in MLD2Gy. Advances in knowledge: If feasible, prefer BH treatment either for tumor dose escalation or for the reduction in NTCP.

Carotene Reduction Level in The Processing of Pumpkin Instant Brownies

Pumpkin is a local food of Jember which the amount of harvested area and productivity is increasing every year. Pumpkin is a source of beta carotene with a relatively lower price than other beta carotene sources. Diversification of pumpkin-based food products will produce nutritionally rich products with added value. Brownies are one of the bakery products that can be processed with 100% pumpkin flour as raw material, increasing the added value can be done by diversifying it into semi-finished products with pumpkin steamed brownie premix flour. What needs to be evaluated in the diversification process is the change in the levels of carotene as its functional component. The research method used was descriptive evaluating changes in carotene in 6 treatments of pumpkin steamed brownies premix flour formulations. Based on the results of the study, the most abundant carotene was found in the 100% pumpkin flour formulation treatment, namely 77.99 mg/100g in premix flour and 5.05 mg/100g in steamed brownies. The higher the pumpkin content, the lower the degree of reduction in total carotene will be.

Metallurgical properties of iron ore pellet when using lime powder instead of bentonite

This paper reported effects of lime powder and bentonite binder using in iron ore pelletization on metallurgical properties of pellets as green strength, compressive strength and degree of reduction. The investigated pellets contain 0, 1 and 2 mass % of lime powder and 2, 1 and 0 mass % of bentonite, respectively. Green balls were dried (105 °c for 24 hours) then heated at 1200 °c for 30 minutes. The reductibility of fired pellets was examined at different temperatures of 900, 1000 and 1100 °c with various holding time (45, 90 and 120 minutes). The results showed that the combination of 1 mass % of bentonite and 1 mass % of lime powder in the pellet gave the most apropriate metallurgical properties of pellets as green strength, porosity and degree of reduction. This material charging ratio can be recommended for application in manufacturing of the pellet.

FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH REDUCED BITE HEIGHT

Aesthetic and hygienic requirements of patients with reduced bite height necessitate the use of modern orthopedic constructions. The main cause of this disease is pathological abrasion of the hard tissues of the teeth, the prevalence of which ranges from 4 to 57% at a young age, reaches 91% in the elderly and is accompanied by both morphological and functional disorders of the dental-maxillary system. The aim of the research. Research the features of the diagnosis of dental status in patients with reduced bite height and timing of their treatment. Materials and methods of research. Determine the degree of reduction in the height of the bite in persons with pathological abrasion of the hard tissues of the teeth of varying severity compared with the norm and features of its recovery. Research results and their discussion. In order to prepare for orthopedic treatment, we determined the height of the bite in 123 patients. Accordingly, they were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 32 patients with included dentition defects with reduced bite height up to 2 mm (n = 32), group 2 - examined with included dentition defects with reduced bite height 2-4 mm (n = 31), group 3 are patients with included dentition defects with reduced bite height of 4-6 mm (n = 30). All persons of the main groups belonged to the second and third age groups according to the WHO, aged 35-55 years, who required orthopedic treatment with fixed constructions of dentures. The control group (n = 30) are young people who belonged to the 1st WHO age group (age - 18-34 years) with intact dentition, without concomitant somatic and dental pathology, were examined in one visit. In order to study the degree of dependence of bite height reduction between incisors, canines, premolars and molars, we studied 30 gypsum models of supergypsum of the upper and lower jaws without reduction of bite height and 93 - with varying degrees of pathological abrasion of tooth hard tissues of all examined people. The models were fixed in a standard articulator in the central occlusion position. Using a caliper, we determined the size of the tooth crowns and compared it with standard sizes. In this research, we found the dependence of the degree of reduction in the height of the bite in the area of molars - premolars - incisors and canines in the ratio 1: 1,25: 1,5. We performed orthopedic treatment and subsequent clinical observation for each patient for 6 months, examining their condition after fixation of prostheses in 1 week and in 1, 3 and 6 months after orthopedic treatment. Based on the diagnosis of bite height reduction, we provided practical recommendations on the terms of use of fixed pharmacy bridges prostheses according to the degree of bite height reduction in the examined people. In the case of patients with a decrease in bite height by 3-4 mm, permanent orthopedic treatment is possible in 90 days after fixation of temporary orthopedic constructions in the oral cavity, and in patients with a reduced bite height of more than 4 mm - in 180 days. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, a high efficiency of determining the degree of reduction in bite height in preparing patients for permanent orthopedic treatment depending on the severity of the pathological process.

Influence of cranioskeltal trauma, complicated with blood loss, on the bile-forming function of liver during the early period of traumatic disease among rats with different resistance to hypoxia and its correction

Introduction. The development of multiorgan dysfunction and insufficiency is one of the serious complications of severe multiple and combined lesions. In their pathogenesis, a key role is played by secondary lesions of organs remote from the site of direct injury, which is caused by the systemic response of the body to inflammation and is a characteristic feature of traumatic disease. As a model of the development of organ damage in experimental polytrauma, the biliary function of liver is often investigated. However, the features of systemic disorders, in particular, the biliary function of liver, in conditions of severe skeletal injury, depending on the resistance to hypoxia, have not been studied enough.Purpose: to determine the dynamics of biliary function of liver in case of cranioskeletal trauma complicated with blood loss among rats with different resistance to hypoxia during the early period of traumatic disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of thiocetam in the correction of identified disorders.Materials and methods. 108 nonlinear white male rats weighing 180-200 g were used in the experiments. Previously, individual resistance to hypoxia was determined, rats were divided into two groups: with high- and low-resistance (HR and LR) animals to hypoxia. Subsequently, HR and LR rats were divided into 4 groups: one control and three experimental. Under conditions of thiopentale sodium anesthesia (40 mg kg-1) the first experimental group HR and LR of rats was had cranioskeletal trauma, the second - acute blood loss in the amount of 20-22% of circulating blood volume, the third experimental group after application of cranioskeletal injuries and acute blood loss in order to correct HR and LR-rats were thrown Thiocetam intraperitoneally, dose 250 mg kg-1 of body weight 1 time per day. Animals of the control and experimental groups in 1, 3 and 7 days after injury were catheterized the common bile duct, collected bile, in which the content of total bile acids was determined.It was found out that laboratory white rats, which are genetically different in resistance to hypoxia, also differ in the intensity of biliary function of liver. Among HR rats, the bile content of total bile acids was higher than that among LR rats. Under the influence of cranioskeletal injury, the bile content of total bile acids decreased among both HR and LR rats. Despite the lower initial content of total bile acids in the bile of LR rats, under the influence of cranioskeletal trauma in this group, the degree of the studied indicator reduction was significantly greater than among HR rats, indicating greater sensitivity of LR rats to pathogens of traumatic disease, which lead to damage to the microsomal monooxygenase system of hepatocytes. Under the conditions of acute blood loss additional modeling, the disorders were more visible, but the result was statistically significant only among LR rats in 3 days of the experiment. In addition, LR rats had a greater degree of reduction of the studied indicator in 3 and 7 days of the experiment. Under the influence of seven-day-usage of Thiocetam in the groups of LR and HR rats with cranioskeletal trauma, the violation of total bile acids content in the bile became significantly lower compared to animals without correction. A similar result was found under conditions of additional acute blood loss. Under these conditions, the degree of increase of total bile acids content in the bile was greater among LR rats than among HR rats, which indicates a higher efficiency of Thiocetam among LR rats.Conclusions: 1. The content of total bile acids in the bile among intact HR-rats is significantly higher than among LR-rats. Under the influence of cranioskeletal trauma, the content of total bile acids in the bile is reduced compared to the control, but the degree of reduction is significantly greater among LR rats after 7 days of the experiment. Complication of cranioskeletal injury with acute blood loss causes a significantly greater reduction in the bile content of total bile acids among LR rats compared with HR rats after 3 and 7 days of the experiment. The use of Thiocetam is accompanied by a decrease of liver biliary dysfunction, which is more visible among LR rats with acute blood loss.

Study of stress-strain state of cold-drawn hexagonal steel rods

The results of the stress-strain state during drawing of hexagonal steel rods are presented. The effect of the drawing die angle and the degree of reduction on the distribution of the stress-strain state parameters and the elastic aftereffect of the deformed metal is studied.

Improvement of strong training in the process special physical training

It is determined that special physical training is an integral part of the curriculum for training spe-cialists, part of the life of cadets, from the correct and systematic workload in the classroom depends on their level of preparedness. It is an important element of the comprehensive development of cadets, main-taining and strengthening health, its physical and spiritual improvement and is aimed at quality training for future professional activities. The applied value of strength training, measures aimed at its formation, improvement of the policeman's abilities taking into account the peculiarities of his professional activity are determined. The conducted researches gave grounds to show that the level of their preparation of cadets for the experiment was not at a sufficient level, which cannot satisfy the requirements set for future specialists. The obtained results confirm the opinion of leading scientists about the need to take into account the given model characteristics and the period of preservation and the degree of reduction of the achieved training effect.