Reduction of Low Grade Iron Ore Using a Mixture of Polyethilene (HDPE/LLDPE) and Coal as an Alternate Reductant

2015 ◽  
Vol 1112 ◽  
pp. 515-518
Author(s):  
Anistasia Milandia ◽  
Soesaptri Oediyani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Plastic Wastes

One attempt to utilize low grade iron ores involved the oxygen reduction by carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide commonly produced from the carboneous materials such as coal but using coal as a reductant may harm the environments. On the other hand, plastic wastes or polyethilene have large potential as reductants for iron ores because their major elements are hydrogen and carbon. If these wastes could be effectively used in the iron-making process, the total CO2 emissions caused by coal would decrease because a significant amount of plastic wastes is still simply incinerated without effective heat. Furthermore, the problems of polyethylene as a waste to the environments also can be eliminated. The aim of this research is to obtain sponge iron which has metallization more than 80 percent by using a mixture of coal and polyethilene as a reducing agent. The research variables are the compositions of reductant (3,5; 7,4; 10; 15 percent), temperature (900, 1100, and 1200°C), and times of the reduction (30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes). The result of the experiment shows that the most higher metalization is 80.22 percent reached by the temperature reduction 1200°C and time of reduction is 240 minutes. The experiment also shown that the used of 15 % HDPE giving maximum metalization for 86.79 percent. Although for 15 % LLDPE poliethilene giving maximum metalization for 81.31 percent.

Carbon Doped Iron Ore Using Palm Kernel Shell

2013 ◽  
Vol 701 ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusila Zamani Abd Rashid ◽  
Hadi Purwanto ◽  
Hamzah Mohd Salleh ◽  
Mohd Hanafi Ani ◽  
Nurul Azhani Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.

scholarly journals Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite and Limonite Ores—Reduced Iron Ore Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yildirim İsmail Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Column Flotation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Gas Desorption ◽  
Bubbling Fluidized Bed

The concentration of low grade iron ore resources was evaluated by washing and reduction. The advanced concentration methods for low grade limonite and hematite iron ores of South Eastern Anatolian resources required such specific methods. The followed column flotation and magnetic separation, microwave radiated reduction of hematite slime and limonite sand orewere investigated on potential reducing treatment. The bubling fluidized bed allows more time to the heat radiation and conduction for reducing to the resistive ıron compounds. Furthermore, heavy limonite and iron oxide allowed sufficient intimate contact coal and biomass through surface pores in the bubbling fluidized bed furnace due to more pyrolysis gas desorption. Bubbling bath porosity decreased by temperature decrease. This research was included reduction in microwave of poor hematite and limonite ores in the microwave ovens, but through smaller tubing flows as sintering shaft plants following column flotation and scavangering operation. Two principle stages could still manage prospective pre reduction granule and pellet production in new sintering plants. There is a lack of energy side which one can produce reduced iron ore in advanced technology plants worldwide. However, for the low grade iron ores such as limonite and sideritic iron ores it was thought that microwave reduction technique was assumed that this could cut energy consumption in the metallurgy plants.

scholarly journals Application of dry high-intensity magnetic separation in upgrading low-grade iron ore of Rouina deposit, Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
A. Messai ◽  
A. Idres ◽  
J.M. Menendez-Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Recent Developments

The recent developments of steel and iron industries generated a huge consumption of iron ores which has attracted much attention for utilizing low-grade iron resources to satisfy this increasing demand. The present study focuses on the characterization and enrichment of the low-grade iron ores from Rouina deposit-Ain Defla-. Currently, the ore is used in the cement industry because it is considered a low-grade iron ore. After the sampling process, a physico-chemical and mineralogical characterization was carried out and the results revealed that the sample consists of hematite, limonite and goethite as major opaque oxide minerals whereas silicates as well as clays form the gangue minerals in the sample. The average grade of FeTotal, SiO2 and Al2O3 contents in the raw material collected from the mine of the case study are 30.85%, 23.12% and 7.77% respectively. Processes involving combination of classification, washing and dry high-intensity magnetic separation were carried out to upgrade the low-grade iron ore sample to make it suitable as a marketable product. The sample was first ground and each closed size sieve fractions were subjected to washing followed by drying than dry high intensity magnetic separation and it was observed that limited upgradation is possible. As a result, it was possible to obtain a magnetic concentrate of 54.09% with a recovery degree of 89.30% and yield of 62.82% using a magnetic field intensity equal to 2.4 Tesla at the size fraction [-0.125 +0.063 mm].

Excavations of Two Iron Processing Sites at Scabgill and Boghall, Clydesdale, 1991

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
R J Strachan ◽  
J E Hamilton ◽  
I Armit ◽  
I B M Ralston
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Iron Ore Processing ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Small Furnace ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Processing Site

Summary Excavations were carried out on two sites containing traces of iron ore processing, as part of the N-W Ethylene Pipeline Project, funded by Shell Chemicals UK Ltd. The excavations at Scabgill revealed a small part of an iron ore processing site apparently dating to the later medieval period or earlier. At nearby Boghall, a small furnace was excavated, which, while not itself datable, was also used in the processing of low grade, bog iron ores.

Fluidized bed roasting technology in iron ores dressing in China: A review on equipment development and application prospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.-D. Tang ◽  
P. Gao ◽  
Y.-X. Han ◽  
W. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Shaft Furnace ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Equipment Development ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Magnetizing Roasting

Due to the undesirable characteristics of iron ore resources in China, it is necessary to utilize refractory iron ores resources with high efficiency. The mining and mineral processing costs are usually high. The supply of domestic iron ores in China has been in serious shortage for a long time. Therefore, the development and utilization of complex and refractory iron ore resources are extremely urgent. Magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation is an important method for the beneficiation of low grade iron ores. More attention has been paid to fluidized bed magnetizing roasting rather than shaft furnace and rotary kiln roasting in recent years. In this paper, the main characteristics of fluidized bed magnetizing roasting technology and the development process of its application in the beneficiation of refractory iron ores are introduced. The research status of several typical fluidized bed roasting processes and equipment in China are also summarized. Moreover, the application prospect of the technology for efficient utilization of low grade hematite, siderite, and limonite ores, as well as iron containing tailings, is analyzed.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Reduction of High-Aluminum Iron Ore by Synergistic Reducing with High-Manganese Iron Ore

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianlin Zhou ◽  
Yanhong Luo ◽  
Tiejun Chen ◽  
Deqing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
High Manganese ◽  
Aluminum Iron ◽  
High Aluminum

How to utilize low grade complex iron resources is an issue that has attracted much attention due to the continuous and huge consumption of iron ores in China. High-aluminum iron ore is a refractory resource and is difficult to upgrade by separating iron and alumina. An innovative technology involving synergistic reducing and synergistic smelting a high-aluminum iron ore containing 41.92% Fetotal, 13.74% Al2O3, and 13.96% SiO2 with a high-manganese iron ore assaying 9.24% Mntotal is proposed. The synergistic reduction process is presented and its enhancing mechanism is discussed. The results show that the generation of hercynite (FeAl2O4) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) leads to a low metallization degree of 66.49% of the high-aluminum iron ore. Over 90% of the metallization degree is obtained by synergistic reducing with 60% of the high-manganese iron ore. The mechanism of synergistic reduction can be described as follows: MnO from the high-manganese ore chemically combines with Fe2SiO4 and FeAl2O4 to generate Mn2SiO4, MnAl2O4 and FeO, resulting in higher activity of FeO, which can be reduced to Fe in a CO atmosphere. The main products of the synergistic reduction process consist of Fe, Mn2SiO4, and MnAl2O4.

scholarly journals Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Ivan Stepanov ◽  
Konstantin Borodianskiy ◽  
Adi Eliyahu-Behar
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Shed Light

There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a ‘correct balance’ between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.

Characterization and reducibility of Itakpe and Agbaja (Nigerian) iron ores

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Adedeji ◽  
F. R. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Mass Change ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Optical And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ore Characterization ◽  
Isothermal Mass

AbstractTwo iron ore samples from Nigeria have been examined using TG, DTA, EGA, XRD, and optical and electron microscopy. Itakpe iron ore is hematite-rich, this mineral being intergrown with magnetite, and silica is the major impurity. Agbaja ore is an acidic oölite ore consisting of goethite and magnetite, with alumina, silica and phosphorus as major impurities. Itakpe is typical of a rich ore formed by magmatic segregation whilst Agbaja is a lean ore of sedimentary origin. Isothermal mass-change measurements in hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the range 800–1100°C show Agbaja to be less reducible than Itakpe; in particular, Agbaja is very irreducible at 1100°C because of sintering of the ore. Characterization and reducibility experiments were also carried out on Corby (Northamptonshire, UK) iron ore for comparison.

Utilization of low-grade BHQ iron ore by reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation for the production of magnetite-based pellet feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachida Nanda Sahu ◽  
Karamjith Sharma ◽  
Santosh Deb Barma ◽  
Prachiprava Pradhan ◽  
Bijaya K. Nayak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Reduction Roasting ◽  
Roasting Process ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Pellet Feed ◽  
Roasting Time

Due to the depletion of high-grade iron ores and their simultaneous demand, the utilization of low-grade iron ores such as banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) has become a topic of research interest around the globe, particularly in India. These low-grade iron ores are reckoned to be the future feedstock for iron and steel making industries. However, one of the major challenges is to remove associated gangue impurities from such low-grade iron ores by the conventional beneficiation techniques prior to its industrial applications. The reduction roasting process is one of the potential alternatives to overcome such challenges. Herein, we have presented the feasibility study using reduction roasting process on one of the Indian low-grade BHQ iron ore for the preparation of magnetite concentrate-based pellet feed materials. To establish the methodology of the reduction roasting process, different experimental parameters such as roasting temperature, reductant dosage, roasting time and fixed carbon were optimized for obtaining the maximum recovery, yield, and grade of the magnetite products. In the present study, Indian non-coking coals were used as reductant due to its large availability in the country. Using one of the non-coking coals as reductant, the optimum condition were found to be as, roasting temperature: 1100 °C, roasting time: 5 min, and head sample to reductant ratio: 10:6. Under these conditions, maximum grade and recovery of final magnetite concentrates were found to be 66.42 and 93.53%, respectively. It is expected that the large-scale development of reduction roasting process would lead to effective utilization of low and lean grade iron ore resources for the production pellet feed materials in the Indian context and simultaneously conserve the natural magnetite ores for future generation.

scholarly journals Reduction Reactivity of Low Grade Iron Ore-Biomass Pellets for a Sustainable Ironmaking Process

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ariany Zulkania ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat ◽  
Rochim Bakti Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Study Results

Currently, fossil fuels are still the primary fuel source and reducing agent in the steel industries. The utilization of fossil fuels is strongly associated with CO2 emissions. Therefore, an alternative solution for green steel production is highly recommended, with the use of biomass as a source of fuel and a reducing agent. Biomass’s growth consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which may be stored for variable amounts of time (carbon dioxide removal, or CDR). The pellets used in this study were prepared from a mixture of low-grade iron ore and palm kernel shells (PKS). The reducing reactivity of the pellets was investigated by combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and laboratory experiments. In the TGA, the heating changes stably from room temperature to 950 °C with 5–15 °C/min heating rate. The laboratory experiments’ temperature and heating rate variations were 600–900 °C and 10–20 °C/min, respectively. Additionally, the reduction mechanism was observed based on the X-ray diffraction analysis of the pellets and the composition of the reduced gas. The study results show that increasing the heating rate will enhance the reduction reactivity comprehensively and shorten the reduction time. The phase change of Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe increases sharply starting at 800 °C. The XRD intensities of Fe compounds at a heating rate of 20 °C/min are higher than at 10 °C/min. Analysis of the reduced gas exhibits that carbon gasification begins to enlarge at a temperature of 800 °C, thereby increasing the rate of iron ore reduction. The combination of several analyses carried out shows that the reduction reaction of the mixture iron ore-PKS pellets runs optimally at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. In this heating rate, the reduced gas contains much higher CO than at the heating rate of 10 °C/min at temperatures above 800 °C, which encourages a more significant reduction rate. In addition, the same reduction degree can be achieved in a shorter time and at a lower temperature for a heating rate of 20 °C/min compared to 10 °C/min.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document