scholarly journals Decreasing the Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Excavator-Based Harvesters with a Machine Control System

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Raffaele Spinelli ◽  
Angelo de Arruda Moura
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Random Variability ◽  
Machine Control

Compared with purpose-built units, excavator-based harvesters offer many advantages, but they also face one main limitation: a much higher fuel consumption, which also results in higher CO2 emission levels. The fuel efficiency of excavator-based harvesters can be increased by a better interface between the excavator and the harvester head. This study aimed to determine the performance of a new adaptation kit, specifically designed to improve the communication between these two components. The new kit offers real-time adjustment between the power demand of the harvester head and the power output of the excavator, which should help reducing fuel consumption while stabilizing hydraulic fluid temperature. The test was conducted on 53 excavator-based harvesters purchased and managed by a large Brazilian company. Time use, fuel consumption and production were monitored continuously for one full month, before and after installation of the kit. Overall, the study covered 40,000 h of work, during which the harvesters cut, processed, and debarked 4.5 million trees, or 650,000 m3 of wood, under bark. Fuel consumption amounted to 900,000 liters. After installing the adaptation kit, productivity increased 6%, while fuel consumption per hour decreased 3.5%. Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions per product unit decreased 10%, as an average. The effect of random variability typical of an observational study prevented formulating an accurate figure for the amount of fuel that can be saved by installing the adaptation kit. Yet, one may confidently state that, in most cases, installing the kit results in a reduction of fuel use, and that such reduction is most often in the range from −10 to −20% on a per m3 basis.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide emissions from an <i>Acacia</i> plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8269-8302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jauhiainen ◽  
A. Hooijer ◽  
S. E. Page
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plantation Development ◽  
Peat Surface

Abstract. Peat surface CO2 emission, groundwater table depth and peat temperature were monitored for two years along transects in an Acacia plantation on thick tropical peat (>4 m) in Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 2300 emission measurements were taken at 144 locations. The autotrophic root respiration component of the CO2 emission was separated from heterotrophic emissions caused by peat oxidation in three ways: (i) by comparing CO2 emissions within and beyond the tree rooting zone, (ii) by comparing CO2 emissions with and without peat trenching (i.e. cutting any roots remaining in the peat beyond the tree rooting zone), and (iii) by comparing CO2 emissions before and after Acacia tree harvesting. On average, the contribution of root respiration to daytime CO2 emission is 21 % along transects in mature tree stands. At locations 0.5 m from trees this is up to 80 % of the total emissions, but it is negligible at locations more than 1.3 m away. This means that CO2 emission measurements well away from trees are free of any root respiration contribution and thus represent only peat oxidation emission. We find daytime mean annual CO2 emission from peat oxidation alone of 94 t ha−1 yr−1 at a mean water table depth of 0.8 m, and a minimum emission value of 80 t ha−1 yr−1 after correction for the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations, which resulted in a 14.5 % reduction of the daytime emission. There is a positive correlation between mean long-term water table depths and peat oxidation CO2 emission. However, no such relation is found for instantaneous emission/water table depth within transects and it is clear that factors other than water table depth also affect peat oxidation and total CO2 emissions. The increase in the temperature of the surface peat due to plantation development may explain over 50 % of peat oxidation emissions.

scholarly journals Modeling Impacts of Highway Circular Curve Elements on Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks’ CO2 Emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Menghui Li ◽  
Qunshan Li ◽  
Lan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
Circular Curve

Heavy-duty trucks contribute a significant component of all transportation in cargo terminals, such as Shaanxi Province, China. The emissions from these vehicles are the primary source of carbon emissions during highway operations. While several studies have attempted to address emission issues by improving traffic operations, a few focused on the relationship between emissions and highway geometric design, especially for heavy-duty trucks. The primary goal of this research was to understand the impact of circular curve on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by heavy-duty diesel trucks. Firstly, appropriate parameters were specified in MOVES (motor vehicle emission simulator) model according to the geometrical characteristics. Fuel consumption, speed and location data were collected by hiring five skilled drivers on the automotive proving ground located at Chang’an University, Shaanxi Province. The associated carbon emission data were derived from fuel consumption data by applying the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) method. After this, the applicability of MOVES model was verified by the field experiment. Moreover, a multiple regression model for CO2 emissions incorporated with roadway segment radius, circular curve length, and initial vehicle speed was established with data generated by the MOVES model. The proposed CO2 emission model was also verified by field experiment with relative error of 6.17%. It was found that CO2 emission had monotone decreasing property with radius increasing, and the minimum radius that influenced diesel CO2 emission was 550 m. The proposed quantitative CO2 emission model can provide a reference for low-carbon highway design, leading to environment-friendly transportation construction.

scholarly journals Effects of Eco-Drive Education on the Reduction of Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Barić ◽  
Goran Zovak ◽  
Marko Periša
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Efficient Reduction ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

Sustainable mobility is the basic and long-term goal of the traffic policy. Eco-driving represents one of 40 measures that should by 2050 contribute to 60% of traffic-generated emission reduction. The paper presents the significance of educating the drivers about eco-driving as well as eco-drive training with the aim of reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emission. During research the drivers were tested in three cycles, prior to education, immediately following the education and eco-training and three months after the eco-training. The analysis of the results shows that driving according to eco rules allows fast and efficient reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, which means at the same time also the need to systemically educate the drivers about the eco-driving at specialized educational centres which is for the moment absent in the Republic of Croatia.

scholarly journals Analisis emisi gas buang dan daya sepeda motor pada volume silinder diperkecil

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Mara ◽  
I Made Adi Sayoga ◽  
IGNK Yudhyadi ◽  
I Made Nuarsa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Co Emission

This research aims to determine the effect of variations diameter pistons on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This research used a gasoline engine single-cylinder four-stroke  with variations in cylinder volume 100 cc, 90 cc, 60 cc and engine rotation  1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4500 rpm, 6000 rpm. Data was collected in transmission N, 1, 2, 3, and 4 each of the three repetitions for each round engine rotation, using a gas analyzer 2400 ultra 4/5 IM Hanatech brand for exhaust emission of CO and HC. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that with decreasing diameter of piston up to 60 cc can reduce exhaust emissions, especially CO, HC and fuel consumption. The highest HC exhaust emissions was in 100 cc cylinder volume that is equal to 514.33 ppm while the lowest HC emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder volume at 49.67 ppm. The highest CO emission was obtained on 100 cc cylinder  by 4.64% volume, while the lowest CO emission was obtained on 60 cc cylinder by 0.31% volume. The highest CO2 emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder amounted to 17.60% volume, while the lowest CO2 emission obtained at 100 cc cylinder  amounted to 8.37%  volume, and the highest fuel consumption obtained in 100 cc cylinder  at 0.65 kg/h, and the lowest fuel consumption obtained in 60 cc cylinder  by 0.06 kg/h.

Emission and cost effects of training for construction equipment operators

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Jukic ◽  
David G. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Construction Equipment ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Driver Training ◽  
Operator Training ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After

Purpose – It is postulated that operator-dependent factors have a substantial impact on the fuel consumption and emissions of heavy-duty construction vehicles, such that by adopting different operator practices, savings in fuel used and lower emissions and costs can be achieved. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to examine the emission and cost effects of a driver-training programme aimed at fuel efficiency and construction truck operators. Design/methodology/approach – A study was conducted on an urban excavation involving truck-and-trailer vehicles, serviced by an excavator, over an approximately 50 km trafficked urban circuit. Field observations, before and after training, and including those on a control truck operator, gave fuel usage, emissions data, speed, travel times, routing, production and operational costs. Findings – Compared to baseline values, trained drivers saw a reduction in their fuel consumption by an average of 8.5 per cent, reducing to 7.7 per cent after several weeks following training. Importantly, this occurred without increased travel time or lost production. Research limitations/implications – The number of drivers participating in the research was dictated by the nature of the project involved. A larger sample, and research involving a closer study of braking, acceleration and gearshift behaviour, would help confirm this paper’s results and provide further insight. Practical implications – The paper demonstrates quantitative benefits (reduced unit emissions and reduced unit costs) associated with construction equipment operator training. Originality/value – The research is original, being the first related to driver training of heavy-duty construction equipment and incorporating production measurements, the first involving a study of equipment operators unaware that they were being observed, and the first involving a control.

Dampak Pemberian Pupuk Hayati dan NPK Terhadap Emisi CO2 Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di Lahan Gambut

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
Dika Riyani ◽  
Evi Gusmayanti ◽  
Muhammad Pramulya
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Fertility Analysis ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit selalu disertai dengan pemupukan, seperti pupuk hayati dan NPK. Namun kegiatan pemupukan ini berpotensi meningkatkan aktivitas mikroorganisme dalam mendekomposisi bahan organik gambut yang selanjutnya menghasilkan emisi CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur emisi CO2 sebelum dan sesudah pemupukan hayati dan NPK dari perkebunan kelapa sawit fase belum menghasilkan (umur tanaman 3 tahun) dan fase menghasilkan (umur tanaman 12 tahun). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Barat.  Emisi CO2 yang diukur pada enam belas subplot dengan metode sungkup tertutup menggunakan sensor CO2 Vaisala GMP343.  Pengukuran emisi CO2 dilakukan seminggu sekali dari bulan Agustus sampai Oktober 2020.  Bersamaan dengan pengukuran emisi CO2 dilakukan pengukuran suhu tanah, suhu udara dan kedalaman muka air tanah yang diikuti pengambilan sampel tanah untuk analisis pH, Eh dan kadar air gravimetrik.  Pengambilan sampel tanah terganggu untuk analisis kesuburan gambut dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali yaitu seminggu sebelum pengukuran emisi CO2, setelah aplikasi pupuk hayati dan setelah aplikasi pupuk NPK.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan emisi CO2 sebelum dan sesudah pemupukan tidak berbeda nyata.  Rerata emisi CO2 setelah pemupukan hayati cenderung lebih rendah dan kembali meningkat setelah pemupukan NPK.  Besaran emisi CO2 pada tanaman belum menghasilkan sebelum pemupukan sebesar 0,65 ± 0,36 g CO2 m-2 jam-1, setelah pemupukan hayati sebesar 0,56 ± 0,28 g CO2 m-2 jam-1 dan setelah pemupukan NPK sebesar  0,60 ± 0,32 g CO2 m-2 jam-1.  Sedangkan rerata emisi CO2 pada lokasi tanaman menghasilkan sebelum pemupukan yaitu 0,53 ± 0,24 g CO2 m-2 jam-1, setelah pemupukan hayati 0,38 ± 0,18 g CO2 m-2 jam-1 dan setelah pemupukan NPK meningkat menjadi 0,66 ± 0,43 g CO2 m-2 jam-1.ABSTRACTFertilization is a common practice when utilizing peatlands for oil palm plantation.  It includes bio fertilizer and compound NPK fertilizer.  However, fertilization may potentially increase microorganism activities leading to higher CO2 emission. This study aims to measure CO2 emissions before and after application of bio fertilizer and compound NPK fertilizer to oil palm plantations. This research was conducted on palm plantations in West Kalimantan. There are two plots of measurements i.e. immature oil palm, about 3 years of age and producing oil palm about 12 years of age, and every plot consists eight subplots. The measurement of CO2 emissions carried out according to closed chamber method using Vaisala GMP343 CO2 sensor once a week from August to October 2020. Along with measurement of CO2 emissions, environmental factors were also measured, i.e.  soil temperature, air temperature and groundwater level, pH, Eh and gravimetric water content.  Sampling of disturbed soil for peat fertility analysis was carried out three times, a week before measuring CO2 emissions, after application of bio-fertilizers and after application of compound NPK fertilizer. The results showed that CO2 emissions before and after fertilization were not significantly different. The average CO2 emission after biological fertilization tends to be lower than that before fertilizer application and tend to increase after NPK fertilization. The amount of CO2 emission in immature plot before fertilization is 0,65 ± 0,36 g CO2 m-2 hour-1, after biological fertilization is 0,56 ± 0,28 g CO2 m-2 hour-1 and after NPK fertilization is 0,60 ± 0,32 g CO2 m-2 hour-1.  Meanwhile, the average CO2 emission at the location of the plant produced before fertilization was 0,53 ± 0,24 g CO2 m-2 hour-1, after biological fertilization was 0,38 ± 0,18 g CO2 m-2 hour-1 and after NPK fertilization increased to 0,66 ± 0,43 g CO2 m-2 hour-1.

scholarly journals Towards quantifying CO2 emissions from EPH conference travel

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Fehr ◽  
D Zeegers Paget ◽  
O C L Mekel ◽  
N Bos
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Empirical Distribution ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Rough Approximation ◽  
Carbon Offset

Abstract Background Aviation is accountable for significant emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Factors determining emissions include, e.g., trip distance, aircraft fuel efficiency, cabin class, atmospheric conditions, and stopovers. Approaches to estimate the carbon footprint are available, e.g., as carbon emissions calculators, offered by carbon offset providers. Goal: To estimate the amount of CO2 emissions associated with EPH conference air travel, for fostering awareness among EPH conference attendees. Methods Based on EPH attendees’ empirical distribution of countries of origin for the 2017 Stockholm and 2018 Ljubljana conference, rough estimates of travel distances, CO2 emissions, and potential carbon offset costs were produced. In the absence of attendees’ detailed travel information, simplifying assumptions had to be made, e.g. on air vs. ground travel, place of departure, and stopovers. In approach A, using two different offset calculators, we look at a given “sample” country which provided a large fraction of foreign participants in both 2017 and 2018, then try to extrapolate to participants at large. In approach B, we use a rough approximation of total distance travelled by all participants, and an average emission value per distance unit. Results In approach A, expectedly, the emission estimates provided by the two different calculators and the associated price tags for offsetting were rather similar, whereas the overall approach B created lower estimates of CO2 emissions. In summary, the conference air travel was estimated to emit 650-930 tons CO2, with the cost for setoff being roughly € 20.000. In a typical case, the conference air travel CO2 emission of a person (foreign to the conference country) was estimated as being 580 kg. For comparison: to bring climate change to a halt, the total annual CO2 emission per person needs to be below 600 kg. Discussion While estimates should be improved, a major task lies in promoting CO2 emission reduction and mitigation.

scholarly journals Analisis emisi gas buang dan daya sepeda motor pada volume silinder diperkecil

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
I.M. Mara ◽  
I.M.A. Sayoga ◽  
I.G.N.K. Yudhyadi ◽  
I.M. Nuarsa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Co Emission

This research aims to determine the effect of variations diameter pistons on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This research used a gasoline engine single-cylinder four-stroke  with variations in cylinder volume 100 cc, 90 cc, 60 cc and engine rotation  1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4500 rpm, 6000 rpm. Data was collected in transmission N, 1, 2, 3, and 4 each of the three repetitions for each round engine rotation, using a gas analyzer 2400 ultra 4/5 IM Hanatech brand for exhaust emission of CO and HC. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that with decreasing diameter of piston up to 60 cc can reduce exhaust emissions, especially CO, HC and fuel consumption. The highest HC exhaust emissions was in 100 cc cylinder volume that is equal to 514.33 ppm while the lowest HC emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder volume at 49.67 ppm. The highest CO emission was obtained on 100 cc cylinder  by 4.64% volume, while the lowest CO emission was obtained on 60 cc cylinder by 0.31% volume. The highest CO2 emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder amounted to 17.60% volume, while the lowest CO2 emission obtained at 100 cc cylinder  amounted to 8.37%  volume, and the highest fuel consumption obtained in 100 cc cylinder  at 0.65 kg/h, and the lowest fuel consumption obtained in 60 cc cylinder  by 0.06 kg/h.

Application of Box-Behnken Analysis on the Optimisation of Air Intake System for a Naturally Aspirated Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 8029-8042
Author(s):  
N.S. Mustafa ◽  
N.H.A. Ngadiman ◽  
M.A. Abas ◽  
M.Y. Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Intake System ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
System Components ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
High Influence

Fuel price crisis has caused people to demand a car that is having a low fuel consumption without compromising the engine performance. Designing a naturally aspirated engine which can enhance engine performance and fuel efficiency requires optimisation processes on air intake system components. Hence, this study intends to carry out the optimisation process on the air intake system and airbox geometry. The parameters that have high influence on the design of an airbox geometry was determined by using AVL Boost software which simulated the automobile engine. The optimisation of the parameters was done by using Design Expert which adopted the Box-Behnken analysis technique. The result that was obtained from the study are optimised diameter of inlet/snorkel, volume of airbox, diameter of throttle body and length of intake runner are 81.07 mm, 1.04 L, 44.63 mm and 425 mm, respectively. By using these parameters values, the maximum engine performance and minimum fuel consumption are 93.3732 Nm and 21.3695×10-4 kg/s, respectively. This study has fully accomplished its aim to determine the significant parameters that influenced the performance of airbox and optimised the parameters so that a high engine performance and fuel efficiency can be produced. The success of this study can contribute to a better design of an airbox.

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