Alternative Substrates and Fertilization Doses in the Production of Pinus cembroides Zucc. in Nursery

Rooting substrate and fertilization are key components in the production of containerized seedlings, as they can influence the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plants, which in turn can impact outplanting performance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of four substrates based on mixtures of peat moss (PM), composted bark (CB) and raw pine sawdust (PS), combined with two doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) and one non-fertilized control, on the growth of Pinus cembroides Zucc. in the nursery. The treatments were: M1: 50+25+25, M2: 25+25+50, M3: 25+50+25 and M4: 50+50+0 of PM+ CB+ PS (% by volume), respectively. Fertilizer treatments used a controlled release fertilizer (Multicote®): F1: 3 kg m−3 and F2: 6 kg m−3 and a control (WF: with no added fertilizer). The treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with a factorial arrangement of 4 × 3 and six replications. The variables evaluated were: height, seedling diameter, dry biomass, Dickson Quality Index, N, P and K content. Regardless of the substrate, the high fertilizer dose (6 kg m−3) improved most morphological variables. In addition, the high fertilizer dose resulted in foliar N, P and K concentrations within recommended ranges for all substrates. The substrate containing only peat moss and composted bark (M4 + F1 and M4 + F2) had the best growth response. However, the substrate composed of 25% peat moss, 50% composted bark and 25% raw pine sawdust with the high fertilizer dose (M3 + F2) resulted in acceptable seedling growth, and may be preferred if the cost of the substrate is a concern to nursery manager.

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Growth and Yield of Different Varieties of True Shallot Seed on Highland in West Sumatra, Indonesia

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2021/5563128 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Atman ◽

Irfan Suliansyah ◽

Aswaldi Anwar ◽

Syafrimen Yasin

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Yield Component ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

West Sumatra ◽

The Cost ◽

High Yield Potential

Cultivation of true shallot seeds has the potential to be developed in Indonesia because apart from being able to reduce the cost of providing seeds, it also has higher productivity than shallot from tubers. This study aims to determine the appearance of true shallot seed varieties that have high yield potential in the highlands of West Sumatra. The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments of true shallot seed varieties, namely, Trisula, Bima, Lokananta, and Sanren, with 6 replications. The results showed that except for the age of harvest and the number of tubers per hill, the treatment of various varieties of true shallot seeds showed a significant effect on all observed variables. Lokananta variety has better growth component, yield component, and yields compared to other varieties (Trisula, Bima, and Sanren). Cultivation of true shallot seeds in the highlands gives lower yields than in the adapted area (lowland), except for the Trisula variety. Lokananta variety is recommended for use in the highlands of West Sumatra.

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A Preliminary Study on Reducing the Dosage of Chemical Fertiliser by using Empty Fruit Bunch as Soil Amendment on the Growth of Choy Sum

ASM Science Journal ◽

10.32802/asmscj.2020.456 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jiunn Luh Tan ◽

Kok Yu Ang ◽

Min Hui Chow ◽

Eunice Ting Yee Lee ◽

Kuan Hoong Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Vegetable Farmers ◽

Growth Difference ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

The Cost ◽

Chemical Fertiliser

Palm oil production results in many valuable products, but it also generates agricultural wastes such as empty fruit bunch (EFB). EFB composting usually produces nutrient-enriched bio-fertilisers and thus, able to help in reducing the chemical fertilisers applied. Most conventional vegetable farmers in Malaysia solely depend on chemical fertilisers in crop production. However, the intensive use of chemical fertilisers has led to various side effects. Thus, this study was to determine the effect on the growth of choy sum by reducing the dosage of chemical fertiliser with EFB compost as soil amendments. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) methods were used in this study. The fresh weight, dry weight and plant height of the choy sum were found to be not significantly different among all the treatments (T1 – T4) and positive control. This study found that T4 with 30% lesser chemical fertiliser applied showed no significant growth difference with the rest of the treatments indicating that EFB may have the ability to help in reducing chemical fertiliser usage in the growth of choy sum. Further study is recommended as this will help in better EFB waste management and lowering the cost of production for local vegetables.

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503 PB 219 RECYCLING SOLUTIONS AND METHOD OF FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE GROWTH OF HYBRID GERANIUM

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.503e ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 503e-503

Author(s):

Patricia R. Knight ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

Harry G. Ponder

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Plant Quality ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Production Medium ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Receiving Water

Seed geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey `Scarlet Elite') were grown in subirrigation troughs in 10-cm pots from 25 June to 3 August 1993. Production medium was a 1 pine bark:3 peat moss:1 perlite (v:v:v) mixture. Plants were irrigated using fresh or recycled solutions and fertilized using Peter's Geranium Special 15N-6.5P-12.5K or Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K. Controlled release fertilizer produced greater shoot dry weights and foliar color ratings than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Plants receiving a controlled release fertilizer had lower shoot N concentrations than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Recycled irrigation solutions reduced plant quality regardless of method of fertilization.

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122 Minimizing Fertilizer Input for Nitrate Management and Optimum Growth of Ilex verticillata L.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.462e ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 462E-462

Author(s):

T.L. Schultz ◽

U.K. Schuch

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Research Station ◽

Optimum Growth ◽

Liquid Fertilizer ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Container Nurseries

Nitrate nitrogen is becoming a major pollutant in much of our nation's water supply. High levels of nitrate runoff are commonly found to occur from intense agricultural areas such as container nurseries. The objective of this study was to investigate combinations of liquid fertilizer (LF) plus controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) that would both minimize nitrate runoff and provide nutrient levels for optimum growth of Ilex verticillata L. The experiment was established in 1998 at the Iowa State Univ. Horticulture Research Station, Ames. Six fertilizer treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with eight replications. Treatment combinations of liquid fertilizer (LF) and controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) were [LF (mg/L)/CRF (g)]: 90/0, 90/8.5, 90/17, 180/0, 180/8.5, 180/17 (Peter's Excel 21-5-20 and Osmocote 18-6-12, 9-month release, respectively). Analysis of nitrate leaching showed that in 12 out of 16 weeks, the 180 mg/L LF treatments resulted in twice the amount of nitrate leached compared to the 90 mg/L LF. In 3 out of 16 weeks, treatments containing 0 g CRF leached significantly less nitrate than those containing 17 g CRF. None of the treatments produced a difference in total dry weight or caliper of Ilex verticlillata L. This data suggests that plant growth remains similar over a range of fertilizer input and higher rates of applied LF result in higher nitrate leaching.

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Doses of controlled-release fertilizer for production of rubber tree rootstocks

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602012000200008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 239-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Antonio Nilson Zamunér Filho ◽

Nelson Venturin ◽

Ailton Vitor Pereira ◽

Elainy Botelho Carvalho Pereira ◽

Renato Luis Grisi Macedo

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Controlled Release ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Vigorous Plant ◽

Plastic Containers ◽

Root Collar

This experimental study aimed to evaluate the effects of doses of controlled-release fertilizer (ALL) on the development of rubber tree rootstocks. The fertilizer used was Osmocote®, scheduled to be released for 8-9 months and with the following composition: N (15%), P2O5 (9%), K2O (12%), Mg (1%), S (2.3%), B (0.02%), Cu (0.05%), Fe (1%), Mn (0.06%), Mo (0.02%) and Zn (0.05%). A randomized block design was used, with four treatments and eight replicates of 20 plants per plot. The controlled-release fertilizer was added to Rendimax Floreira® substrate at doses of 0, 3, 6 and 9 g per liter, and rootstocks were produced in plastic containers with a capacity of two liters of substrate. Three seeds of clone GT 1 were scattered in each container and thinning was performed on day 60, leaving the most vigorous plant only. After the fourth leaf shot from each rootstock, the containers of each treatment were topped, due to compaction, with 300 mL of the relevant fertilizer and substrate mixture. The rootstocks were evaluated at eight months of age as to height, stem diameter (DC) 5 cm above root collar, total dry matter, shoot and root dry matter, leaf nutrient levels and percentage of plants suitable for grafting (DC>1.0 cm). Results revealed that adequate development and nutrition of rootstocks was achieved by using 6 g of controlled-release fertilizer per liter of substrate.

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Effect of Root-Plug Incorporated Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Two-Year Growth and Survival of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/17.4.216 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 216-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James A. Moore ◽

Zhaofei Fan ◽

Bahman Shafii

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Ponderosa Pine ◽

Growth Response ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Good Survival ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Fast Release

Abstract Three controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], and slow release [SR]) were incorporated in the root plug at rates of 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 g/seedling at the time of sowing as supplements to nursery supplied soluble fertilizer. Effects on seedling growth, survival, and foliar nutrient status of the “160/90” container ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were evaluated after outplanting. At the end of the second growing season, fertilized seedlings had significantly greater diameter and height than unfertilized seedlings. The 3.2 g of MR or SR fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher mortality (55 and 36%, respectively) than the controls. The fast release fertilizer included at a rate of 0.8 g in each seedling's container was the preferred treatment since it produced good survival and seedling growth response. A 2-yr growth response of about 25% was similar to that observed in a nearby study using adjacent placement of controlled-release fertilizer after planting ponderosa pine seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):216–219.

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GERANIUM PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY THREE METHODS OF IRRIGATION USING A CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.730a ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 730a-730

Author(s):

Patricia R. Knight ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

Harry G. Ponder

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer

Seed geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey `Scarlet Elite') were grown in 10-cm pots in a 1 pine bark : 3 peat moss : 1 perlite medium from 18 March until 5 May 1993. Plants received Osmocote 14N-6.1P-12.5K and either conventional overhead (CO), drip (DI), or subirrigation (SI). Subirrigation produced greater shoot and root dry weights than CO or DI. Plants grown using DI produced fewer branches than plants grown using CO or SI. Plants receiving SI reached anthesis before plants receiving CO or DI. Method of irrigation had no influence on total root, soil, or leachate N, but SI did increase total shoot N.

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Using molasses as an alternative to controlled release devices for administering n-alkane markers to cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800058690 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 471-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. E. Hendricksen ◽

C. Gazzola ◽

M. M. Reich ◽

R. F. Roberton ◽

D. J. Reid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Block Design ◽

Extended Period ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Release Device ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

The Individual ◽

Release Devices

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine if molasses could be successfully used to administer dotriacontane (C32) and hexatriacontane (C36) n-alkane markers to steers and to compare this method with a commercially available intra-ruminal controlled release device (CRD). The experiment was conducted over two similar periods (runs) using 24 Brahman crossbred steers in each run to study the effect of marker delivery methods and tropical grass hay diets in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. All steers were housed individually in partially covered pens, received one of two buffel-grass hays (B20: 20-week regrowth; 0·72 g nitrogen (N) per 100 g and B8: 8-week regrowth; 1·11 g N per 100 g) and one of four marker delivery treatments (control: no marker; 200 mg/day of C32 and C36 n-alkanes from a CRD or offered three times (Ms ✕ 3) or five times (Ms ✕ 5) a day in molasses). Voluntary intake (VI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) for diets differed (P < 0·001) with B8 greater than B20. There was no difference among marker treatments for VI but the control treatment had greater, unexplained and possibly spurious, DMD than the Ms ✕ 3 marker treatment. Although the recovery of n-alkanes was variable (0·84 to 1·05) adjacent odd- and even-chain n-alkanes were similar with no differences (P > 0·05) due to marker treatment or diet. The CRD supplied a consistent marker dose between 6 and 18 days after insertion. Deviation from the 24-h mean faecal concentration seldom varied more than 0·03 for the individual markers and 0·05 for C31/C32 and C33/C32 ratios for all treatments. Over all the n-alkanes studied, the between-day variation was less than the within-day variation. For instance, the average of subsamples taken at 06:00 h and 18:00 h was within proportionately 0·05 of the 10-day mean concentration for 0·38 and 0·25 of records for C32 and C36 markers, respectively. It was concluded that molasses containing C32 and C36 n-alkane markers and given either three or five times daily was as accurate as the commercial CRD in administering n-alkane markers to steers and provides a method of delivering n-alkanes over an extended period in grazing studies.

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Aerial parts of cassava as partial replacement for feed concentrates in the diet of lambs raised in semi-confinement

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p943 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Luiz Carlos Pereira ◽

Luís Carlos Vinhas Itavo ◽

Rodrigo Gonçalves Mateus ◽

Eduardo Souza Leal ◽

Urbano Gomes Pinto Abreu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Control Male ◽

Male And Female ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Male Group ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Cost

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of including the aerial parts of cassava (PAM) in the feed of semi-confined lambs for partial reduction of food concentrates. Fifty-six sheep, including males and females of the Pantaneira genetic group weighing 18.84 ± 2.02 kg on an average were used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four treatments, each with seven females and seven males. Each group of 14 animals received one of four treatments: control, 10% of food concentrate in diet replaced with PAM, 20% replaced with PAM, and 30% replaced with PAM. The average total gain in weight (GWT) of the male lambs was 26.89% higher than the gains observed in females. Based on the cost analysis, we observed a linear effect (P < 0.01), i.e., a decrease in the feed cost for male and female groups with increase in PAM content. For the study period, the expenditure for the control male group was the highest at $ 17.60 per animal. Expenditure for the PAM 30 male group was the lowest at $ 12.74 per animal. These figures reflect the actual operating costs (COE), i.e., the power is 75.78% and 74.77%, for male and female groups respectively. The total cost, decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PAM 30 treatment costing the least at $ 47.90, which was $ 7.02 lower than the control. When assessing the net margin per kilogram among the female groups, we observed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with a maximum gain of 23.98% when adding PAM and $ 0.50 kg-1. Our results show that the raising of lambs in semi-confinement was economically viable, and the addition of the aerial part of processed cassava in the feed presented a higher economic return. Further, the addition of aerial parts of cassava did not affect the performance of the lambs.

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Reproduction performance of sows inseminated with stress gene-free semen given probiotic- supplemented feed

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr42212.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 163-173

Author(s):

Julius Abela

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Herbal Extracts ◽

Probiotic Supplementation ◽

Study Results ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Free Gene ◽

The Cost ◽

Stress Gene

This study generally aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with various levels of a novel product containing probiotic and yeast cells, a feed enzyme, short-chain oligosaccharides, and herbal extracts (Farmer Peck’s Performance Booster®) and the use of halothane free gene semen on two successive parities in sows in selected farms in Leyte. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatment used in T0 – (in-feed antibiotics, Og probiotic/kilogram feed and Al using semen from farm’s boar); T1 – (0 antibiotics, 2g probiotic/kilogram feed and Al with halothane free gene semen) and T2 – (0 antibiotics, 3g probiotic/kilogram feed and Al with halothane free gene semen). The study results showed that sow-litter performance of artificially inseminated sows using halothane free gene semen in two farrowing seasons was significantly higher in T1 and T2 groups than that of To group as affected by probiotic supplementation. Probiotic supplementation, both at 2g kg-1 (T1) and 3g kg-1 (T2) of feed is effective in improving both litter and sow performance. The cost of using halothane free gene semen for Al is less as compared to using semen from the farm’s boar, and the cost of using probiotic at two levels as feed additive is relatively lower than using antibiotics based on the pre-weaning mortality, litter size, and litter weight at weaning. The use of halothane free gene semen can now be widely used in the different piggery farms. Including the use of probiotic supplement for both the sows and piglets.

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