The Brinell Method for Determining Hardness of Wood Flooring Materials

We hypothesize that the ability to recovery the depth of the indentation increases with increasing the hardness of the flooring material. The research was carried out for ten lignocellulosic flooring materials: merbau, oak, maple, red oak, laminated HDF (high-density fiberboard), innovative plywood, beech, pine, peasantry, iroko. The hardness was examined using the Brinell method, and additionally, the elastic indentation of the indenter was measured during the hardness test. On this basis, the permanent (plastic) and temporary (elastic) component of total deformation was determined. Different ability to recovery was found. The harder materials were the higher percentage of elastic indentation in total indentation depth. Moreover, it was found that the measurement of the indentation diameter in wood materials is characterized by high uncertainty and measurements based on the depth of the indentation are more unambiguous and of greater practical importance, especially when testing hard lignocellulosic flooring materials.

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Selected Properties of Overlaid Magnesium Based Composite Panels for Flooring

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10155028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 5028

Author(s):

Fidan Aslanova ◽

Gozen Elkiran ◽

Salim Hiziroglu ◽

Serkan Ilseven

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Surface Quality ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Internal Bond Strength ◽

Sample Type ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Flooring Materials ◽

Flooring Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate some of the mechanical and physical properties of the flooring materials manufactured from panels having magnesia substrate overlaid with oak veneer (Querqus alba) and linoleum sheets. Commercially manufactured panels were used in this work. Bending characteristics, internal bond strength, thickness swelling, and surface quality of the samples were evaluated. The highest modulus of elasticity (MOE) value of 4406 MPa for the sample type-A2 was loaded in the direction of the substrate followed by 3478 MPa for linoleum covered samples which were loaded in the same direction. Internal bond strength values of the panels did not show any significant differences from each other. Dimensional stability of the specimens in the form of thickness swelling for both 2-h and 24-h water soaking tests resulted in values ranging from 0.11 to 0.19%. The surface quality of the samples was not substantially influenced as a function of water exposure. Based on the results in this work magnesium substrate overlaid with oak veneer and linoleum panels could have potential to be used as flooring material with accepted properties.

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Nonlinear Elastic Analysis of the Hardness Test on Rubber-Like Materials

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3538552 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 202-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W. V. Chang ◽

S. C. Sun

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Linear Elasticity ◽

Elastic Moduli ◽

Indentation Depth ◽

Nonlinear Effects ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Constitutive Law ◽

Total Load ◽

Depth Difference ◽

Nonlinear Elastic

Abstract Both the Ogden-Tschoegl nonlinear elastic constitutive law and a contact algorithm in the general-purpose finite-element program AFEM have been used to examine the use of IRHD values to relate the elastic properties of elastomers. We are aware that large deformations of rubber specimens and complicated interface conditions are involved in this so-called simple test. However, from the finite-element results, we find that the linearly elastic Hertz contact solution is a reasonably accurate model. This can be attributed to several points. First, the hardness test involves mainly compression and shear deformation and the linearly elastic behavior is more closely followed in rubbers for the above two types of deformation. Second, although nonlinear effects become significant in soft rubbers and higher indentation cases, the ASTM D 1415 standard defines larger indentation depth differences for smaller IRHD values. The definition itself compensates for the nonlinear effects. Third, although the interfacial stress field changed due to different frictional conditions, we calculated the IRHD values only from indentation depth difference and total load applied to the steel ball. Both the indentation depth difference and the total load are obtained from far-field conditions and do not change significantly. We should note that using linear elasticity to correlate the elastic moduli and IRHD values is simply a special case in rubber elasticity. We conveniently get rubber's elastic moduli from IRHD values based on linear elasticity, but the complete rubber-like material behavior has to be obtained from more general experiments and described by a nonlinear constitutive law such as the Ogden-Tschoegl model.

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Effect of Impact Velocity, Flooring Material, and Trochanteric Soft-Tissue Quality on Acetabular Fracture during a Sideways Fall: A Parametric Finite Element Approach

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11010365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 365

Author(s):

Shahab Khakpour ◽

Petri Tanska ◽

Amir Esrafilian ◽

Mika E. Mononen ◽

Simo Saarakkala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Impact Velocity ◽

Acetabular Fracture ◽

Whole Body ◽

Acetabular Fractures ◽

Tissue Quality ◽

The Impact ◽

Flooring Materials ◽

Flooring Material

A low-energy acetabular fracture, as a result of falling from standing height, is common among elderly patients and the number of cases is increasing rapidly in developed countries. Several biomechanical factors contribute to the incidence, severity, and type of acetabular fractures, such as body configuration at the impact moment or bone and soft-tissue quality. The current parametric study developed a comprehensive finite element model of the pelvic girdle and simple representation of the whole body and investigated the effects of impact velocity, conventional indoor/outdoor flooring material, and trochanteric soft-tissue stiffness on an acetabular fracture. Our results show that whereas the impact velocity has a substantial influence on the incidence and type of acetabular fracture, the effects of conventional flooring materials and trochanteric soft-tissue quality are not remarkable. It seems that other factors such as the quality of bone (healthy vs. osteoporotic), the thickness of trochanteric soft-tissue, and body configuration at the impact are more critical in the occurrence and type of the acetabular fracture. These results can be valuable in the prevention of acetabular fractures and the design of protective measures such as hip pads or novel flooring materials.

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Profitability Analysis of Small and Medium Scale Salt Enterprises, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration ◽

10.2478/hjbpa-2021-0023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 69-85

Author(s):

Julieta A. Delos Reyes ◽

Abigail T. Lat ◽

Tyrone Jasper I. Reodica ◽

Christine Joy B. Manalo

Keyword(s):

Return On Investment ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Interview Schedule ◽

Medium Scale ◽

Salt Production ◽

Profitability Analysis ◽

Production Practices ◽

Flooring Materials ◽

Flooring Material

Abstract The study analyzed the profitability of small and medium scale salt enterprises in Alubijid and El Salvador City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. It determined salt production practices; assessed the profitability of salt production; and identified the problems encountered in salt production. Forty-two salt producers in the area were personally interviewed using a pre-tested interview schedule. Descriptive and cost and returns analysis, rate of return on investment (ROI), and ANOVA were employed. Results revealed that the production practices of the salt producers are dictated by the flooring materials of salt beds and the type and volume of salt produced were highly dependent on the flooring materials and on weather. It was concluded that salt production is a profitable enterprise and the salt beds with transparent polyethylene plastic as flooring material were the most profitable, despite having the most labor-intensive production process. Recommendations include usage of transparent polyethylene plastic as flooring material and teaching appropriate technology for seawater filtration to address the problem on degraded quality of seawater with the local government unit (LGU) taking the lead. Also, a soft loan program be put up for buying flooring materials so that more members of the lakeshore community can engage in the salt making.

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Modelling of Impact Falling Ball Test Response on Solid and Engineered Wood Flooring of Two Eucalyptus Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11090933 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 933

Author(s):

Luis Acuña ◽

Fernando Sepliarsky ◽

Eleana Spavento ◽

Roberto D. Martínez ◽

José-Antonio Balmori

Keyword(s):

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Dynamic Impact ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Wood Flooring ◽

Engineered Wood ◽

Steel Balls ◽

The Impact

In this study, dynamic hardness tests on solid and engineered wood flooring specimens of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden hardwoods were performed because nowadays, these fast-growing hardwoods are still scarcely employed for this use. Furthermore, another two examples of hardwood commonly applied on wood flooring, Quercus robur L. and Hymenaea courbaril L., were also tested. To compare their properties, a dynamic impact hardness test based on the impact of steel balls, with several diameters, and drop heights was developed. Accordingly, 120 solid wood flooring specimens and 120 engineering wood flooring specimens were producing with these four hardwood species. Dynamic impact tests were made with three steel balls of different diameters (30–40–50 mm), and they were carried out from five different drop heights (0.60–0.75–0.90–1.05–1.20 m). The impact of the steel ball drew the size of the footprint on the surface and this mark was measured with a digital caliper for both dimensions, diameter and depth, as footprint diameter (FD) and indentation depth (ID). Data from 3000 samples, corresponding to 120 different individual groups (4 species × 3 ball diameters × 5 drop height × 2 floor type) were analyzed. Results indicated that the variability of ID (CV between 19.25–25.61%) is much greater than the values achieved for FD (CV between 6.72–7.91%). Regarding the fast-growing hardwood species tested, E. globulus showed a similar behavior to traditional hardwood applied on wood flooring in Europe, Q. robur, and it could be a promising growth in the flooring industry. However, E. grandis showed the worst values compared to traditional hardwood in all test configurations.

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Impregnation of Wood with Microencapsulated Bio-Based Phase Change Materials for High Thermal Mass Engineered Wood Flooring

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8122696 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 2696 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Damien Mathis ◽

Pierre Blanchet ◽

Véronic Landry ◽

Philippe Lagière

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Phase Change Material ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Heat Storage ◽

Red Oak ◽

Thermal Mass ◽

Microencapsulated Phase Change Material ◽

Wood Flooring ◽

Engineered Wood ◽

Change Material

Wood is a porous material that can be impregnated and have enhanced properties. Two species of hardwood, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), were impregnated in a reactor with a microencapsulated phase change material. The objective was to enhance the thermal mass of wood boards used as surface layers for engineered wood flooring manufacturing. Preliminary experiments were conducted on small samples in order to define suitable impregnation parameters, based on the Bethell cycle. Thin wood boards were impregnated with a microencapsulated phase change material dispersed into distilled water. Several cycles of pressure were applied. Heating storage of the impregnated wood boards was determined using a dynamic heat flow meter apparatus method. A latent heat storage of 7.6 J/g over 3 °C was measured for impregnated red oak samples. This corresponds to a heat storage enhancement of 77.0%. Sugar maple was found to be harder to impregnate and thus his thermal enhancement was lower. Impregnated samples were observed by reflective optical microscopy. Microcapsules were found mainly in the large vessels of red oak, forming aggregates. Pull-off tests were conducted on varnished samples to assess the influence of an impregnation on varnish adhesion and no significant influence was revealed. Engineered wood flooring manufactured with impregnated boards such as characterized in this study could store solar energy and thus improve buildings energy efficiency. Although wood is a material with a low-conductivity, the thermal exchange between the PCM and the building air could be good enough as the microcapsules are positioned in the surface layer. Furthermore, flooring is an area with frequent sunrays exposure. Such high thermal mass EWF could lead to energy savings and to an enhancement of occupant’s thermal comfort. This study aimed to characterize the potential of impregnation with MPCM of two wood species in order to make high thermal mass EWF.

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Design of Displacement Measuring System for Nano-Hardness Test Device

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.10-12.518 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10-12 ◽

pp. 518-521

Author(s):

Qiang Liu ◽

Ying Xue Yao ◽

L. Zhou

Keyword(s):

Indentation Depth ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Displacement Measurement ◽

Measuring System ◽

Small Displacement ◽

Displacement Curve ◽

Test Device ◽

Load Displacement ◽

Depth Sensitivity

Nano-hardness test device has the ability to make the load-displacement measurement with sub-nanometer indentation depth sensitivity, and the nanohardness of the material can be got from the load-displacement curve by Oliver-Pharr method. In order to measure the small displacement accurately, we designed a capacitive displacement measuring system. This capacitance micrometer has a resolution of 0.1nm, and is suitable for our nano-hardness test device.

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THERMAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON ON FLOORING MATERIALS

10.31705/faru.2021.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

G.H. Galabada ◽

◽

P.D. Dharmaratne ◽

H. Galkanda ◽

R.U. Halwatura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Comfort ◽

Thermal Performance ◽

Building Material ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Performance Comparison ◽

Building Construction ◽

Effective Role ◽

Flooring Materials ◽

Flooring Material

New building materials and technologies that provide thermal comfort are expected to gain popularity in the recent past. Hence, efforts to incorporate new building material solutions are needed to protect potential populations from the threats of thermal stress that cause an increase in temperatures due to climate change. The earth is identified as the most effective building material to improve the thermal comfortability inside the building. Among several building construction materials, the flooring material provides a more effective role with respect to thermal comfort in a building. This paper present the evaluation and comparison work carried out to investigate the thermal performance of newly invented soil based flooring material with other common floorings in Sri Lanka. Temperature measurements were taken on the top surface of flooring materials and were compared the surface temperature of each other and indoor air temperature. The results reveal that the soil floor shows a lesser temperature at a significant level than the other floorings. Hence, it can be proved that the building construction materials play an important role and earth is the best sustainable material with respect to the indoor thermal comfortability thus, end-user.

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A life-cycle cost analysis of resilient flooring materials in acute-care facilities

Journal of Hospital Administration ◽

10.5430/jha.v7n5p70 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Deborah Wingler

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Acute Care ◽

Time Data ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Real Time Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Flooring Materials ◽

Flooring Material

Objective: This study compares the impact of maintenance protocols on coated and non-coated resilient flooring materials over the building life of an acute-care facility. The purpose of this study is to provide healthcare administrators, facility managers and designers with evidence regarding the total cost of ownership of different resilient flooring materials.Methods: Utilizing a life-cycle costing analysis (LCCA), a two-phase economic evaluation was conducted using both industry and real-time data collected from four health systems across three distinct geographic regions in the U.S. to evaluate the impact of coated and non-coated resilient flooring materials over the usable life of an acute-care facility.Results: Findings from both the first and second phase LCCA suggest that maintenance protocols can have a substantive impact on the total cost of ownership for resilient flooring materials due to the increase in operations and maintenance costs associated with a coated maintenance protocol. The point in time at which the factory applied finish failed for a non-coated flooring material was also shown to greatly contribute to the total cost of ownership.Conclusions: The use of real-time data, coupled with a systematic evaluation provided contextual information that proved essential to understanding some of the intricacies involved in resilient flooring maintenance protocols that can greatly influence economic outcomes. This approach supports an evidence-based decision making process for healthcare executives and environmental services staff to not only effectively evaluate new resilient flooring material selections, but to also proactively evaluate current maintenance protocols for increased monetary savings.

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Some aspects of the defect structure in an austenitic stainless steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100108714 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 314-315

Author(s):

R. Gonzalez ◽

L. Bru

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Cellular Structures ◽

Total Strain Amplitude ◽

Total Deformation ◽

Density Of Dislocations ◽

Planar Arrays ◽

Stacking Fault Tetrahedra ◽

Distribution Of Dislocations ◽

Very High

The analysis of stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) in fatigued metals (1,2) is somewhat complicated, due partly to their relatively low density, but principally to the presence of a very high density of dislocations which hides them. In order to overcome this second difficulty, we have used in this work an austenitic stainless steel that deforms in a planar mode and, as expected, examination of the substructure revealed planar arrays of dislocation dipoles rather than the cellular structures which appear both in single and polycrystals of cyclically deformed copper and silver. This more uniform distribution of dislocations allows a better identification of the SFT.The samples were fatigue deformed at the constant total strain amplitude Δε = 0.025 for 5 cycles at three temperatures: 85, 293 and 773 K. One of the samples was tensile strained with a total deformation of 3.5%.

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