scholarly journals The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Mirski ◽  
Jakub Kawalerczyk ◽  
Dorota Dziurka ◽  
Joanna Siuda ◽  
Marek Wieruszewski
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Gel Time ◽  
Bonding Quality ◽  
Formaldehyde Release

The woodworking industry generates a great amount of bark which has not yet found a wider industrial application. None of the previously conducted research has considered oak bark application (which is one of the most often processed wood species in Poland) as a filler for wood adhesives. Moreover, no studies have determined the properties of bark containing melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), which increasingly replaces pure urea-formaldehyde adhesives. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the possibility of grinded oak bark application as a filler for MUF adhesive in plywood manufacturing. The chemical composition of oak bark was evaluated. Properties of liquid resins, such as viscosity, gel time, pH, and solid content, were determined. Chemical interaction between the filler and resin was assessed with using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Plywood panels manufactured using MUF adhesive filled with different bark concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) were tested in terms of such properties as formaldehyde release and bonding quality. Studies have shown an improvement in liquid resin properties. The course of FTIR spectra did not explain the chemical interaction between the polymer and the filler. The addition of oak bark at a concentration of 15% made it possible to produce plywood panels characterized by reduced formaldehyde release and improved bonding quality.

scholarly journals THE SOY FLOUR AS AN EXTENDER FOR UF AND MUF ADHESIVES IN BIRCH PLYWOOD PRODUCTION

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015-1031
Author(s):  
JAKUB KAWALERCZYK ◽  
JOANNA SIUDA ◽  
DOROTA DZIURKA ◽  
RADOSŁAW MIRSKI ◽  
MAGDALENA WOŹNIAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Gel Time ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Muf Adhesives

Formaldehyde emission still remains a major disadvantage of widely applied formaldehyde-containing amino resins such as UF (urea-formaldehyde) resin and MUF (melamine-urea-formaldehyde) resin. The compositions of adhesives for plywood manufacturing have to contain a proper extenders in order to adjust their viscosity. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of protein-rich soy flour (SF) as the extender for adhesives. The composition of flours and their ability to absorb the formaldehyde were determined. Properties of liquid resins such as gel time, viscosity, pH and solid content were investigated. The possible chemical interaction between the extenders and resins were assessed with the use of FTIR spectroscopy. Plywood panels manufactured using UF and MUF adhesives with the soy flour introduced as the extender in various concentrations were tested in terms of shear strength and formaldehyde release. Studies have shown that soy flour has a favorable composition and formaldehyde-scavenging ability. The addition of SF affected resins properties such as viscosity and gel time but showed no influence on their pH and solid content. FTIR analysis has not explained the chemical interaction between resin and extender. The application of soy flour in the concentration of 15% for UF resin and 10% for MUF resin allowed to produce plywood characterized by improved bonding quality and decreased formaldehyde emission.

scholarly journals Properties of Plywood Produced with Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Modified with Nanocellulose and Microcellulose

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Kawalerczyk ◽  
Dorota Dziurka ◽  
Radosław Mirski ◽  
Kinga Szentner
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Gel Time ◽  
Bonding Quality ◽  
Adhesive Mixtures

Urea-formaldehyde adhesives are widely used in the wood-based materials industry. The study investigates the possibility of using cellulosic particles as a filler that modifies the properties of the resin and consequently improves the properties of plywood. Moreover, the study also examines the differences between microcellulose and nanocellulose used as a filler for UF adhesive. Based on the investigations, it was found that the addition of MFC and NCC significantly affected the curing process and rheological behaviour of adhesive mixtures. Modification led to increase of viscosity and extension of a gel time caused by lowering solid content of the resin. The experimental and reference plywood were tested in terms of bonding quality and mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity in accordance with applicable standards. The results of the tests confirmed that both the amount and the type of modifier added to the resin had a significant effect on the properties of plywood. The bonding quality and the above mentioned mechanical properties improved in all variants of modification; however the most effective was the addition of NCC in the amount of 10 %/100 g of solid resin. The slight decrease of formaldehyde emission was only observed for 5 % cellulosic particles added to 100 g of solid UF.

Urea–formaldehyde-resin gel time as affected by the pH value, solid content, and catalyst

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1566-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Xing ◽  
S. Y. Zhang ◽  
James Deng ◽  
Siqun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Gel Time

Effect of Palm Kernel Meal as Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Extender for Plywood Application: Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huei Ruey Ong ◽  
Reddy Prasad ◽  
Md. Maksudur Rahman Khan ◽  
Md. Najmul Kabir Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Palm Kernel Meal

Increased demand for wood adhesives, environmental concerns, and the uncertainty of continuing availability of petrochemicals have led to recent attention on protein-based adhesives. This study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical interaction of palm kernel meal (PKM) with melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resins in adhesive formulation by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The effect of hot press on PKM extender has been investigated by FTIR and blue shift is observed due to the hot press indicating that the functional groups (such as C=O, -OH and NH) are become more free in the samples. In the case of PKM-MUF blend bonding interactions observed where, PKM played the role as an extender. Red shift of C=O and N-H groups stretching in PKM-MUF-Wood blend is observed which suggests the interaction of these functional groups through hydrogen bonding. The results suggest that PKM extender-based MUF adhesive resins have potential application for the production of exterior plywood.

The effect of phenol-formaldehyde adhesive modification with fire retardant on the properties of birch plywood

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 197-113
Author(s):  
JAKUB KAWALERCZYK ◽  
DOROTA DZIURKA ◽  
RADOSŁAW MIRSKI ◽  
ADRIAN TROCIŃSKI ◽  
MAREK WIERUSZEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Gel Time ◽  
Bonding Quality ◽  
Resin Mixture ◽  
Gelling Time

The effect of phenol-formaldehyde adhesive modification with fire retardant on the properties of birch plywood. The study investigated how the modification of phenol-formaldehyde adhesive with a mixture of potassium carbonate and urea affect the properties of plywood. Based on the investigations of the viscosity, gel time and solid content of PF resin mixture containing various amounts of modifiers with various compositions it was found that modification led to major decrease in viscosity, caused the elongation of gelling time and reduced the solid content. In all variants modification of the resin led to significant improvement in plywood flammability evaluated on the basis of parameters such as: weight loss, time of ignition and burned area. The addition of fire retardant to the resin caused a decrease of shear strength. Composition of the modifier had a significant effect on bonding quality, however all plywood samples retained good values exceeding 1 N/mm2 required by EN 314-2 (1993).

scholarly journals Urea Formaldehyde Resin Resultant Plywood with Rapid Formaldehyde Release Modified by Tunnel-Structured Sepiolite

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Gao ◽  
Xia ◽  
Li ◽  
Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Tunnel Structure ◽  
Formaldehyde Release ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
The Cost

In order to reduce the cost of plywood and save edible resources (wheat flour), a cheap and resourceful clay, sepiolite, was used to modify urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The performances of filler-filled UF resins were characterized by measuring the thermal behavior, cross section, and functional groups. Results showed that cured UF resin with SEP (sepiolite) formed a toughened fracture surface, and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood was maximum improved by 31.4%. The tunnel structure of SEP was beneficial to the releasing of formaldehyde, as a result, the formaldehyde emission of the plywood bonded by UF resin with SEP declined by 43.7% compared to that without SEP. This study provided a new idea to reduce the formaldehyde emission, i.e. accelerating formaldehyde release before the product is put into use.

Sound Absorption Coefficients Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 701 ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elammaran Jayamani ◽  
Sinin Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Core Fibre

In this Investigation, the influence of two kind of polymers (Urea-formaldehyde and Polypropylene) mixed with natural fibre (Kenaf) were studied for their sound absorption coefficients. Four samples were made; Samples A1 and A2 are made of Kenaf core fibre with adhesive of high emission Urea-formaldehyde resin (HN 100) with 51.6 % solid content. The fabrication of the particle board was done using a hot press for 6 minutes under the pressure of 40 Ton at 180°C for different fibre lengths 1 mm (Sample A1) and 0.6 mm (Sample A2) with weight fraction of 80%. Sample B1 and B2 are made of Kenaf core fibre with polypropylene matrix materials with coupling agent of polyvinyl alcohol. The fabrication of the sample was done using hot press for 30 minutes under the pressure of 1000 Psi at 180°C for different lengths of 1 mm (Sample B1) and 0.6 mm (Sample B2) with weight fraction of 20%. The sound absorption coefficients of samples were measured according to American society for Testing Materials (ASTM E1050 10) two microphone method. It is evident that type of polymer influences the sound absorption coefficients.

The Utilization of Phenol Components in Bio-Oil for Modifying Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Qi Kui Tian ◽  
Rui Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Addition Amount

The components in bio-oil are mainly concluding organic acid, aldehydes and phenolics. As the irregular cracking of the pyrolysis, the products are complex and difficult to separate. A comprehensive concept was presented and the extractions from bio-oil were used for modifying urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in this study. Characterization by FT-IR and GC-MS indicated that the reaction mechanism. Phenol-oil addition amount and particle boards test were investigated resulted those 10% phenol-oil shows the best properties: viscosity of 73.36 mm/s, solid content of 52.25% and pH of 8.35 and the best pressing condition is 125°C for 5min which produce a 1.23MPa bond strengthen and 1.05 mg/L formaldehyde emission plywood.

Effect of Technology Factors on the Resin Impregnation Results of Poplar

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 2352-2356
Author(s):  
Jian Han ◽  
Kai Neng Liu ◽  
Xi Tao Gao
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Resin Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Temperature

Aimed to improve the properties of Poplar, this study, taking phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) as impregnation resin, probed the effect of the technology factors-vacuum time, solid content of resin, impregnation temperature and time on the impregnation results of Poplar, and the relationship between the resin and the wood was researched through infrared spectrum. The weight percent gain (WPG) of test-pieces increased with vacuum time extending, and WPG of the test-pieces were greatest when the solid content of resin was 30%, and the impregnation temperature was 25-30°C. when the impregnation time extended from 3 h to 9 h, WPG of the test-pieces presented increase trend which wasnt obvious. In this wood impregnated resin, the reaction between the resin and the hydroxy in wood formed ether bond binding, which proved that the resin and the wood occurred the chemical reaction.

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