scholarly journals Defect Index of Timberwork in House, Korea

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Junmo Park ◽  
Deokseok Seo
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Wooden Floor ◽  
Defect Index ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Work Location ◽  
Management Standard ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Defect Repair

Wood is a material that is familiar to humans and environment-friendly, and it is used widely as a building material. However, as the dispute over housing defects have increased in Korea, various defects have occurred in timberwork and have become disputes. Notwithstanding, efforts to analyze defects in timberwork systematically to reasonably solve the problem are lacking. In this study, defects in timberwork from housing complexes in Korea were standardized, and critical defects were selected to suggest a method as a management standard. The standard for defects includes time, types of facility work, location and subject, and defect phenomenon. The defect time is categorized into before handover and after handover, whereas facility work is divided into woodwork, door and window work, finishing work, and miscellaneous work. Location and subject are categorized into 13 areas, such as ceiling, floor, and door, and phenomena concerned are of 14 types, including faults and no installation. Therefore, the standardized defect items according to such criteria are classified into a total of 63 types. Ten defect items, whose numbers of defect occurrences per defect and defect repair cost ratio above the average, were selected, including discoloration and breakage of the wooden floor. The repair cost ratio of these defect items accounted for 85.62% of the total repair costs. On the contrary, the repair cost for the defects from the timber work outlined in the Construction Appraisal Practice, a representative defect standard in Korea, was 54.54% of the total. Meanwhile, according to the Defect Judgment Standard, the defect repair cost attributed 45.54% of the total. Therefore, since the 10 defect items proposed in this study can explain the defects in the timberwork compared with other standards, it would be reasonable to designate these 10 defect items as essential defects.

scholarly journals Defect Repairing Cost and Its Bond on Apartment Building in Relation to Lawsuit Parties

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4882-4887
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Type B ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Large Defect ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Defect Repair ◽  
Calculation System

An appropriateness of defect repairing cost for apartment is being challenged in Korea. The problem is that there is no detailed prescriptions or specifications about the defect repairing cost other than calculating standard of the defect repairing bond in the applicable laws. There is also not even a proper base in establishing the standard itself. In order to specify the standard of defect repairing bond and to make it serve as a realistic system, it is necessary to discuss how much is the actual scale of the defect repairing cost and how it is reasonable to establish the calculation system of defect repairing bondin the apartment buildings. The researchers have proposed a ratio of about 1.5% to the current standard of 3% of the construction cost as per the analysis of actual data in the previous study. However, it is necessary to supplement this scale considering the facts that the scale of lawsuit for defect is huge and the recent trend of litigation for the defect repairing has changed. Therefore, this study approaches the relationship between defect repairing cost and bond at a new point of view by analyzing the existing cases again. The builder for apartment construction makes agreement with the developer, therefore the builder has responsibility of defect repairing. It also becomes an auxiliary party in the lawsuit for defect in the resulting construction. In this study, we have categorized all the parties involved in the construction and defect repairing cost. Type A is the case where the litigant has a construction capacity rank of 1-10, Type B of rank 11-30, type C refers to the construction capacity rank other than type A and Type B, and for the case where the lawsuit party is not a builder but a guarantee company, it is categorized as type D.And then, the differences in the defect repairing cost rates in each category were reviewed. This review was conducted because the builders at upper group are generally excellent in terms of technology and quality, but it is not known in detail that how much they are good in counteracting the defect. The result of the case analysis by type showed that the rate of the defect repairing cost by the builder of upper rank was relatively low. In addition, the minimum repairing cost ratio was relatively small between the types, but the maximum repair cost showed great differences between the types. On the other hand, only two cases showed excess of 3% of the defect repairing bond rate among the total of 49 cases. This big difference might have caused large defect cost bond rate in the type A and Type B. The results of this study suggest the following points. First, 47 cases out of 49 cases showed the defect repair bond rates below 3%, which speaks that the current standard is not being practiced. Second, considering the fact that average defect repair bond rate is lowest and the maximum and minimum deviation of defect repair cost rate is also the lowest in the type B, the type B offers the lowest defect repair cost bond among other types of lawsuit cases.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Product Lifespan: The Role of Consumer’s Repair Behavior and Critical Components Deterioration

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Sabbaghi ◽  
Sara Behdad
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Laptop Computer ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Product Lifespan

Consumers might be willing to repair their broken devices as long as the associated repair costs do not exceed an undesirable threshold. However, in many cases the technological obsolescence actuates consumers to retire old devices and replace them with new ones rather than extending the product lifecycle through repair. In this paper, we aim to investigate the impact of components’ deterioration profiles and consumers’ repair decisions on the lifespan of devices, and then assesse the anticipated life cycle environmental impacts. A Monte Carlo simulation is developed to estimate the life cycle characteristics such as the average lifespan, the number of failed components’ replacement, and the total repair cost per cycle for a laptop computer. The lifecycle characteristics estimated from simulation model further have been used in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study to quantify the environmental impact associated with different design scenarios. The results reveal the impact of product design as well as consumers’ repair decisions on the product lifespan and the corresponding environmental impacts.

Optimizing stabilization of laterite as walling unit

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarfo Mensah ◽  
Collins Ameyaw ◽  
Blondel Akun Abaitey ◽  
Hayford Obeng Yeboah
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sea Sand ◽  
Cement Stabilization ◽  
Sub Saharan

Purpose Over dependence on river/sea sand as building material has impacted the environment negatively. However, laterite, which is an environment-friendly indigenous building material in sub-Saharan Africa, has been less exploited as a suitable alternative. This paper aims to ascertain the optimum cement–laterite mix proportion at which laterite can be stabilized for production of walling units. Design/methodology/approach Using an experimental method, laterite was collected from three borrow pit sites. Sieve analysis was performed to determine the particle size distribution. Also, the degree of workability of the cement–laterite mix was ascertained using slump test. Compressive strengths were determined at cement stabilization percentages of 3%, 7% and 10% on 12 cubes of100 mm cast and cured for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Findings The results showed that the lateritic soil investigated, achieves its optimum strength in 28 days of curing, at a stabilization level of 10%. An average compressive strength of 2.41 N/mm2, which is 20.5% greater than the target strength, was achieved. Practical implications To meet the desired compressive strength of alternative walling units while achieving environmental sustainability and efficiency in production, cement stabilization of lateritic soils should become a recommended practice by built environment professionals in sub-Saharan Africa. Originality/value This paper is one of the first research works that attempts to determine the optimum level at which the abundant sub-Saharan laterite can be chemically stabilized for the production of non-load bearing walling units. This research promotes an environment-friendly alternative building material to sea sand, river sand and off-shore sand.

Overhaul Policies for Mechanical Equipment

1970 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. J. Hastings ◽  
D. W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
The Cost

Repair costs for mechanical equipment tend to increase with age. A mathematical expression relating mean repair cost to age is developed and is shown to be valid in practical cases. The expression is used as a basis for determining the economic life of equipment for the situation where a number of overhauls may occur before replacement. It is shown how the optimal number of overhauls can be determined as a function of the cost and effectiveness of overhaul.

scholarly journals Optimising post- collision repair costs with the use of the audanet system with 3d intelligent graphics

2021 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 01024
Author(s):  
Iwo Aleksandrowicz ◽  
Piotr Aleksandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Repair Processes ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Determination Methods ◽  
Cost Calculations ◽  
Cost Determination

Transporting people and goods poses a risk of participating in road collisions which results in damage to be eliminated to bring the car back to operation. When running a business, it is essential to optimise the repair costs. Also, the insurance companies search for repair cost determination methods adequately to the damage incurred. Currently the post-collision cost calculations are supported by specialised IT tools offering various spare parts assortments to be used for repair, painting methods as well as the process of technological replacement of the elements damaged. Cars, due to their complex structure, require a new approach to the process of determining the size of damage and the resulting repair cost. The article covers the problem of optimising the post-collision repair costs while using 3D Intelligent Graphics of AudaNet. The procedures presented in the article can be used by researchers modelling technological post-collision repair processes and they are applicable.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON INTERURBAN BRIDGE IN MALUKU PROVINCE

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Erwin Marasabessy
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Bridge Management ◽  
Bridge Management System ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Defect Repair ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Existing Bridges

Bridges as transport infrastructures play a vital role in smoothing traffic flows. The success of a bridge in playing its role and serving its function depends on its management. The Directorate General of Highways of the Ministry of Public Work has used a system to manage bridges known as the Bridge Management System (BMS). The system allows a systematic plan and provides a uniform procedure for all bridge operation activities on the national and provincial level. Data from Implementation Agency of National Inter-Urban Roads of Area IX, Northern Maluku in 2011 indicates that the total length of national roads in Maluku Province is 15,238.01 M, with a total of 562 bridges. In Ambon Island, especially, there are 52 bridges totaling 1,176.25 m in length. The study was conducted at several inter-urban bridges in Maluku Province of Ambon Island: Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari and Wai Tua bridges. Assessment of bridge structure conditions was conducted visually to determine the conditions of the existing bridges comprehensively by referring to the Bridge Management System (BMS) complemented with a computer-based Bridge Management Information System (BMIS). Condition scores for the five bridges—Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua, according to Bridge Management System, are 2, 1, 2, 1, and 2 respectively. The scores of the five bridges indicate that their physical condition can be categorized as good or with minor defects. Based on technical screening, the proposed treatment for Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, dan Wai Tua bridges is the rehabilitation of their sub-elements. As for the Wai Yari Bridge, the treatment will be maintained regularly. The defect repair costs are IDR 149,138,238.00, IDR 81,048,000.00, IDR 174,579,106.10, IDR 79,233,324.01 and IDR 238,323,258.60 for Wai Batu, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua Bridges, respectively.

Statistical Analysis of Bridge Damage Data from the 1994 Northridge, CA, Earthquake

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrin I. Basöz ◽  
Anne S. Kiremidjian ◽  
Stephanie A. King ◽  
Kincho H. Law
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Bridge Damage ◽  
Observed Damage

This paper presents the significant findings from a study on damage to bridges during the January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake. The damage and repair cost data were compiled in a database for bridges in the Greater Los Angeles area. Observed damage data for all bridges were discriminated by structural characteristics. The analyses of data on bridge damage showed that concrete structures designed and built with older design standards were more prone to damage under seismic loading. Repair and/or reconstruction of collapsed structures formed seventy five percent of the total estimated repair cost. Peak ground acceleration values were also estimated at all bridge locations as part of this study. Empirical relationships between ground motion and bridge damage, and repair cost ratio were developed in the form of fragility curves and damage probability matrices, respectively. A comparison of the empirical and available ground motion-damage relationships demonstrated that the relationships that are currently in use do not correlate well to the observed damage.

On the Expected Number of Failures and Maintenance Cost Prediction of Repairable Systems From Life Cycle Cost Modeling Perspective

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxman Yadu Waghmode ◽  
Anil Dattatraya Sahasrabudhe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Repairable System ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Repairable Systems ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Repair Costs

The objective of this paper is to provide some useful insights on how cost driving events are related to the characteristics of failure distributions and the product lifetime (design life) in case of repairable systems. Repairable systems are those that can be restored to their fully operational capabilities by any method, other than the replacement of the entire system. In case of repairable systems, the components can be repaired or adjusted rather than replaced, whenever a breakdown occurs and thus such systems experience multiple failures over their life span. For majority of repairable systems, the life time maintenance and repair costs dominate the life cycle cost. To predict the maintenance and repair cost, failure data, maintenance data and repair time data is needed which is not readily available at the system design stage. When a repairable system is put into service, how many times it will fail over its life span depends on its reliability. Similarly, how fast the system is restored to its working condition when it fails (maintainability), also affect the costs incurred. Thus, the expected number of failures, time lost in restoring the system after each failure and cost per failure are important from life time maintenance cost prediction viewpoint. The expected number of failures depends upon the time to failure distribution of the system components and the after repair state of the system. In this paper, a modeling methodology is suggested for prediction of life time maintenance and repair cost of repairable systems based on expected number of failures. The repairable system lifetime is modeled using a two parameter Weibull distribution. The expected number of failures are estimated for renewal process (as-good-as-new after repair state) and minimal repair process (as-bad-as-old after repair state). The expected maintenance and repair costs are also evaluated for six different failure distributions. The technique has been illustrated through a specific application, namely an industrial pump and the results are presented.

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