scholarly journals A Novel Method of Hyperbola Recognition in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) B-Scan Image for Tree Roots Detection

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Zhang ◽  
Fangxiu Xue ◽  
Zepeng Wang ◽  
Jian Wen ◽  
Cheng Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Position Estimation ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Root Detection ◽  
Testing Technology ◽  
Root Position ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Ground penetrating radar (GPR), as a newly nondestructive testing technology (NDT), has been adopted to explore the spatial position and the structure of the tree roots. Due to the complexity of soil distribution and the randomness of the root position in the natural environment, it is difficult to locate the root in the GPR B-Scan image. In this study, a novel method for root detection in the B-scan image by considering both multidirectional features and symmetry of hyperbola was proposed. Firstly, a mixed dataset B-Scan images were employed to train Faster RCNN (Regions with CNN features) to obtain the potential hyperbola region. Then, the peak area and its connected region were filtered from the four directional gradient graphs in the proposed region. The symmetry test was applied to segment the intersecting hyperbolas. Finally, two rounds of coordinate transformation and line detection based on Hough transform were employed for the hyperbola recognition and root radius and position estimation. To validate the effectiveness of this approach for tree root detection, a mixed dataset was made, including synthetic data from gprMax as well as field data collected from 35 ancient tree roots and fresh grapevine controlled experiments. From the results of hyperbola recognition as well as the estimation for the radius and position of the root, our method shows a significant effect in root detection.

scholarly journals 3D Ground Penetrating Radar to Detect Tree Roots and Estimate Root Biomass in the Field

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 5754-5773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiping Zhu ◽  
Chunlin Huang ◽  
Yi Su ◽  
Motoyuki Sato
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Ground Penetrating

scholarly journals Detection of Tree Roots in an Urban Area with the Use of Ground Penetrating Radar

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Krainyukov ◽  
Igor Lyaksa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Given

Abstract The paper is devoted to using ground penetrating radar (GPR) for the detection of tree roots in an urban area, since GPR allow detect the hidden objects in non invasive way. It is necessary exactly to know the growth direction, thickness and depth of the roots of the tree to confidently assert about the tree root influence on the technical condition of engineering objects and structures: of the buildings, of pavements, of roadway, of engineering communications and etc. The aim of the given research was experimentally to evaluation the possibilities of detection of tree roots in an urban area with the use of GPR on frequency 400 MHz and of algorithms of secondary processing of GPR signals. Results of interpretation of radar profile and evacuation of soil around tree show the possibility of detection of the tree roots and the determination of their parameters using one or two radar concentric profiles.

scholarly journals Advanced GPR Signal Processing Techniques for Root Detection in Urban Environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Lantini ◽  
Fabio Tosti ◽  
Iraklis Giannakis ◽  
Kevin Jagadissen Munisami ◽  
Dale Mortimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Root Detection ◽  
Charitable Trust ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Non Destructive

<p>Street trees are widely recognised to be an essential asset for the urban environment, as they bring several environmental, social and economic benefits [1]. However, the conflicting coexistence of tree root systems with the built environment, and especially with road infrastructures, is often cause of extensive damage, such as the uplifting and cracking of sidewalks and curbs, which could seriously compromise the safety of pedestrians, cyclists and drivers.</p><p>In this context, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has long been proven to be an effective non-destructive testing (NDT) method for the evaluation and monitoring of road pavements. The effectiveness of this tool lies not only in its ease of use and cost-effectiveness, but also in the proven reliability of the results provided. Besides, recent studies have explored the capability of GPR in detecting and mapping tree roots [2]. Algorithms for the reconstruction of the tree root systems have been developed, and the spatial variations of root mass density have been also investigated [3].</p><p>The aim of this study is, therefore, to investigate the GPR potential in mapping the architecture of root systems in street trees. In particular, this research aims to improve upon the existing methods for detection of roots, focusing on the identification of the road pavement layers. In this way, different advanced signal processing techniques can be applied at specific sections, in order to remove reflections from the pavement layers without affecting root detection. This allows, therefore, to reduce false alarms when investigating trees with root systems developing underneath road pavements.</p><p>In this regard, data from trees of different species have been acquired and processed, using different antenna systems and survey methodologies, in an effort to investigate the impact of these parameters on the GPR overall performance.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>The authors would like to express their sincere thanks and gratitude to the following trusts, charities, organisations and individuals for their generosity in supporting this project: Lord Faringdon Charitable Trust, The Schroder Foundation, Cazenove Charitable Trust, Ernest Cook Trust, Sir Henry Keswick, Ian Bond, P. F. Charitable Trust, Prospect Investment Management Limited, The Adrian Swire Charitable Trust, The John Swire 1989 Charitable Trust, The Sackler Trust, The Tanlaw Foundation, and The Wyfold Charitable Trust. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our colleague and friend Jonathan West, one of the original supporters of this research project.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] J. Mullaney, T. Lucke, S. J. Trueman, 2015. “A review of benefits and challenges in growing street trees in paved urban environments,” Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 157-166.</p><p>[2] A. M. Alani, L. Lantini, 2019. “Recent advances in tree root mapping and assessment using non-destructive testing methods: a focus on ground penetrating radar,” Surveys in Geophysics, 1-42.</p><p>[3] L. Lantini, F. Tosti, Giannakis, I., Egyir, D., A. Benedetto, A. M. Alani, 2019. “A Novel Processing Framework for Tree Root Mapping and Density Estimation using Ground Penetrating Radar,” In 10th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, EAGE.</p>

scholarly journals High-Resolution Coherency Functionals for Improving the Velocity Analysis of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Eusebio Stucchi ◽  
Adriano Ribolini ◽  
Andrea Tognarelli
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Position Type ◽  
Reliable Interpretation ◽  
Ground Penetrating

We aim at verifying whether the use of high-resolution coherency functionals could improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of Ground-Penetrating Radar data by introducing a variable and precisely picked velocity field in the migration process. After carrying out tests on synthetic data to schematically simulate the problem, assessing the types of functionals most suitable for GPR data analysis, we estimated a varying velocity field relative to a real dataset. This dataset was acquired in an archaeological area where an excavation after a GPR survey made it possible to define the position, type, and composition of the detected targets. Two functionals, the Complex Matched Coherency Measure and the Complex Matched Analysis, turned out to be effective in computing coherency maps characterized by high-resolution and strong noise rejection, where velocity picking can be done with high precision. By using the 2D velocity field thus obtained, migration algorithms performed better than in the case of constant or 1D velocity field, with satisfactory collapsing of the diffracted events and moving of the reflected energy in the correct position. The varying velocity field was estimated on different lines and used to migrate all the GPR profiles composing the survey covering the entire archaeological area. The time slices built with the migrated profiles resulted in a higher S/N than those obtained from non-migrated or migrated at constant velocity GPR profiles. The improvements are inherent to the resolution, continuity, and energy content of linear reflective areas. On the basis of our experience, we can state that the use of high-resolution coherency functionals leads to migrated GPR profiles with a high-grade of hyperbolas focusing. These profiles favor better imaging of the targets of interest, thereby allowing for a more reliable interpretation.

Semiautomated suppression of above-surface diffractions in GPR data

Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. J43-J50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan F. Carpentier ◽  
Heinrich Horstmeyer ◽  
Alan G. Green ◽  
Joseph Doetsch ◽  
Ilaria Coscia
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Original Data ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Efficient Suppression ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Multichannel Filtering ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Diffractions from above-surface objects can be a major problem in the processing and interpretation of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. Whereas methods to reduce random and many other types of source-generated noise are available, the efficient suppression of above-surface diffractions (ASDs) continues to be challenging. We have developed a scheme for semiautomatically detecting and suppressing ASDs. Initially, an accurate representation of ASDs is obtained by (1) Stolt [Formula: see text] migrating the GPR data using the air velocity to focus ASDs, (2) multichannel filtering to minimize other signals, (3) setting an amplitude threshold that targets the high-amplitude ASDs and effectively eliminates other signals, and (4) Stolt [Formula: see text] demigrating the ASDs using the air velocity, and remigrating them using the ground velocity. By excluding the obliquity correction in the Stolt algorithms and avoiding intermediate amplitude scaling, we preserve the ASDs’ amplitude and phase information. The final stepinvolves subtracting this image of ASDs from a standard migrated version of the original data. This scheme, which includes some important extensions to a previously proposed method, makes it possible to semiautomatically process large volumes of GPR data characterized by numerous highly clustered and overlapping ASDs. The user has control over the tradeoff between ASD suppression and undesired removal of useful signal. It achieves nearly complete removal of ASDs in synthetic data and significant suppression in field data. Once ASDs have been suppressed, their influence can be reduced further by applying relatively gentle multichannel filters. It is not possible to remove line diffractions that resemble subhorizontal reflections or retrieve subsurface signals from data saturated by ASDs, such that some blank regions may be left after applying the suppression scheme. Nevertheless, subsequent processing and interpretation of the GPR data benefit significantly from the suppression of ASDs, which otherwise would clutter the final images.

Continuous and simultaneous measurement of reflector depth and average soil-water content with multichannel ground-penetrating radar

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. J15-J23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Gerhards ◽  
Ute Wollschläger ◽  
Qihao Yu ◽  
Philip Schiwek ◽  
Xicai Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Ground-penetrating radar is a fast noninvasive technique that can monitor subsurface structure and water-content distribution. To interpret traveltime information from single common-offset measurements, additional assumptions, such as constant permittivity, usually are required. We present a fast ground-penetrating-radar measurement technique using a multiple transmitter-and-receiver setup to measure simultaneously the reflector depth and average soil-water content. It can be considered a moving minicommon-midpoint measurement. For a simple analysis, we use a straightforward evaluation procedure that includes two traveltimes to the same reflector, obtained from different antenna separations. For a more accurate approach, an inverse evaluation procedure is added, using traveltimes obtained from all antenna separations at one position and its neighboring measurement locations. The evaluation of a synthetic data set with a lateral variability in reflector depth and an experimental example with a large variability in soil-water content are introduced to demonstrate the applicability for field-scale measurements. The crucial point for this application is the access to absolute traveltimes, which are difficult to determine accurately from common-offset measurements.

scholarly journals Detection of Underground Anomalies Using Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Attribute

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuong Van Anh LE ◽  
Thuan Van NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Diffraction Curve ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Need of specifying underground construction works for supporting further tasks as maintenance, repairing, or setting up new underground structures. For these needs, ground penetrating radar, one of the efficient geophysical methods, can bring high-resolution and quick underground image revealing existence of both natural and artificial anomalies. Its fixed receiver-transmitter antennas setting as constant offset is commonly used in urban areas. Conventionally, hyperbolae events are crucial indicator for scattering objects as kinds of pipes, water drainage system, and concrete building structures as well as sink holes. Calculation of their depths and sizes requires migration analysis with the environment velocity. Migrated sections with different velocity show different chaos degrees of transformation from a hyperbola diffraction curve to its focused area. We have researched diagrams of different Ground Penetrating Radar attributes as energy, entropy, and varimax dependent on two variables, velocity and window zone covering diffraction events from a set of synthetic data and real data, in specifying the environment velocity. We have developed a novel technique for evaluation of the ground velocity and object’s size by combination of the new varimax diagram and the Kirchhoff migration method. The technique can define contribution of diffracted ground penetrating radar waves for building the diagram after removing the reflection contribution. The synthetic datasets consist of different random background noise levels and expressions of different-sized circular and rectangular pipes. The real data is measured for detecting two underground gas pipes in Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, Vietnam.

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