Educational Development in Hadhramaut

This chapter will define the goals and describe the methods of Friends of Hadhramaut's (FOH), a UK-based charitable trust, efforts to nurture the seeds that will evolve to embrace the goals of the knowledge economy (KE) in Hadhramaut. As a charitable organization, FOH focuses its support on the health/medical and educational sectors of society. FOH has made additional strides to focus on girls' education and on those who have what we call “learning disabilities,” a label which covers a broad range of dysfunctions. This chapter will focus on FOH's methodology and achievements in the educational sector.

SciNow: Multimodal Educational Resources

<p>The necessity for this project was identified as a response to declining levels of science engagement, academic success and literacy observed in New Zealand secondary science education (OECD, 2016). As international advancements in sciences and technology create shifts in the current economic landscape, increasing importance is being placed on knowledge-intensive industries. This changed weighting of industry contributions to economic prosperity creates a simultaneous change in future workforce skill requirements (Gilbert & Bull, 2013). With the importance of education in long-term social and economic prosperity being long acknowledged, the changing economic climate intensifies the urgent need to address New Zealand’s declining science engagement and academic success. While the most significant facets of educational operations lie in education pedagogy and policy, the wide range of factors involved in educational outcomes yield expansive opportunities for potential innovations and commercialisation in the education sector. The opportunity for this project was derived from identifying the elements that contribute to these challenges, and isolating a gap in the market of science education resources. The purpose of this project was to research this potential market gap, as well as identifying how to appeal to it. This led to the proposal for the SciNow multimodal resource database, a resource database designed to provide engaging lesson and study materials to science students and teachers with an emphasis on real-life application of content. Through utilising the concept of multimodality, the database design proposes offering materials through ranging modes of communication to increase appeal to varying student learning preferences (Jewitt, 2008). The overall intention for the SciNow database is to raise attractiveness of science education by making it more interesting and relevant to students, thereby positively affecting educational outcomes and in turn leading to economic benefits in the form of a more ideally skilled workforce. While initial investigation focused on creating a business model for commercialising the SciNow resource database, this intention was adjusted in response to literature reviews revealing the significant performance gap between high and low achievers in science education (Education Review, 2016). In addition to New Zealand exhibiting one of the largest performance gaps in the OECD, concerns are exacerbated by the lowest performing population’s overrepresentation of Maori and Pasifika students and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds (OECD, 2015). In response to the level of inequality in science education, the SciNow proposal was adjusted to be provided to all students and teachers nationwide for free. The methodology implemented in this project was of a qualitative nature (Morgan, 1997). Interviews were conducted with secondary science teachers and students in which questioning focused on experiences with science education, including education resource availability and provision. Further focus groups were held with university students from wide-ranging backgrounds to gather reflective insight into experiences with science in school and in subsequent life. The key findings indicated a desire for improved resource availability and quality, responding favourably to the proposition of the SciNow resource database. Further findings validated the proposed use of multimodality for engagement and focus on real-life content application. Considering research findings, literature reviews, and the decision to provide the service freely, a flexible business model and case for investment is proposed and outlined in a strategic assessment business case. This business case proposes a three-phase process of development and implementation, influenced by the lean start-up business model. This three-phased plan begins with further research and subsequent development of a prototype as a minimum viable product. Following development, the prototype will then undergo testing and enhancement through feedback analysis, followed finally by expansion of the prototype to encompass the full database spectrum. The initial governing body will be composed of a core working group. Upon formation of a charitable trust, this core working group will evolve into an advisory board to act alongside the more commercially focused charitable trust board. Key implications derived from this project are dual. In part, the project research emphasises the necessity for the education sector to consider more deep-rooted changes in the New Zealand education system (Bull, Gilbert, Barwick, Hipkins, & Baker, 2010). Significant changes are needed to truly optimise New Zealand science education, and provision of a resource database can only accommodate educational challenges, not fix them. However, the research and business case demonstrate that execution of the SciNow proposal is feasible, with the intended research and development crucial in maximising potential benefit of the service. Upon completion of this project, further work is intended to bring the SciNow concept to fruition.</p>

SciNow: Multimodal Educational Resources

<p>The necessity for this project was identified as a response to declining levels of science engagement, academic success and literacy observed in New Zealand secondary science education (OECD, 2016). As international advancements in sciences and technology create shifts in the current economic landscape, increasing importance is being placed on knowledge-intensive industries. This changed weighting of industry contributions to economic prosperity creates a simultaneous change in future workforce skill requirements (Gilbert & Bull, 2013). With the importance of education in long-term social and economic prosperity being long acknowledged, the changing economic climate intensifies the urgent need to address New Zealand’s declining science engagement and academic success. While the most significant facets of educational operations lie in education pedagogy and policy, the wide range of factors involved in educational outcomes yield expansive opportunities for potential innovations and commercialisation in the education sector. The opportunity for this project was derived from identifying the elements that contribute to these challenges, and isolating a gap in the market of science education resources. The purpose of this project was to research this potential market gap, as well as identifying how to appeal to it. This led to the proposal for the SciNow multimodal resource database, a resource database designed to provide engaging lesson and study materials to science students and teachers with an emphasis on real-life application of content. Through utilising the concept of multimodality, the database design proposes offering materials through ranging modes of communication to increase appeal to varying student learning preferences (Jewitt, 2008). The overall intention for the SciNow database is to raise attractiveness of science education by making it more interesting and relevant to students, thereby positively affecting educational outcomes and in turn leading to economic benefits in the form of a more ideally skilled workforce. While initial investigation focused on creating a business model for commercialising the SciNow resource database, this intention was adjusted in response to literature reviews revealing the significant performance gap between high and low achievers in science education (Education Review, 2016). In addition to New Zealand exhibiting one of the largest performance gaps in the OECD, concerns are exacerbated by the lowest performing population’s overrepresentation of Maori and Pasifika students and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds (OECD, 2015). In response to the level of inequality in science education, the SciNow proposal was adjusted to be provided to all students and teachers nationwide for free. The methodology implemented in this project was of a qualitative nature (Morgan, 1997). Interviews were conducted with secondary science teachers and students in which questioning focused on experiences with science education, including education resource availability and provision. Further focus groups were held with university students from wide-ranging backgrounds to gather reflective insight into experiences with science in school and in subsequent life. The key findings indicated a desire for improved resource availability and quality, responding favourably to the proposition of the SciNow resource database. Further findings validated the proposed use of multimodality for engagement and focus on real-life content application. Considering research findings, literature reviews, and the decision to provide the service freely, a flexible business model and case for investment is proposed and outlined in a strategic assessment business case. This business case proposes a three-phase process of development and implementation, influenced by the lean start-up business model. This three-phased plan begins with further research and subsequent development of a prototype as a minimum viable product. Following development, the prototype will then undergo testing and enhancement through feedback analysis, followed finally by expansion of the prototype to encompass the full database spectrum. The initial governing body will be composed of a core working group. Upon formation of a charitable trust, this core working group will evolve into an advisory board to act alongside the more commercially focused charitable trust board. Key implications derived from this project are dual. In part, the project research emphasises the necessity for the education sector to consider more deep-rooted changes in the New Zealand education system (Bull, Gilbert, Barwick, Hipkins, & Baker, 2010). Significant changes are needed to truly optimise New Zealand science education, and provision of a resource database can only accommodate educational challenges, not fix them. However, the research and business case demonstrate that execution of the SciNow proposal is feasible, with the intended research and development crucial in maximising potential benefit of the service. Upon completion of this project, further work is intended to bring the SciNow concept to fruition.</p>

Efficacy of FFP3 respirators for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers

Background: Respiratory protective equipment recommended in the UK for healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with COVID-19 comprises a fluid resistant surgical mask (FRSM), except in the context of aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). We previously demonstrated frequent pauci- and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection HCWs during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, using a comprehensive PCR-based HCW screening programme (Rivett et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2020). Methods: Here, we use observational data and mathematical modelling to analyse infection rates amongst HCWs working on 'red' (COVID-19) and 'green' (non-COVID-19) wards during the second wave of the pandemic, before and after the substitution of filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirators for FRSMs. Results: Whilst using FRSMs, HCWs working on red wards faced an approximately 31-fold (and at least 5-fold) increased risk of direct, ward-based infection. Conversely, after changing to FFP3 respirators, this risk was significantly reduced (52-100% protection). Conclusions: FFP3 respirators may therefore provide more effective protection than FRSMs for healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19, whether or not AGPs are undertaken. Funding: Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, NHS Blood and Transfusion, UKRI.

Testing interaction effects of intellectual capital and burnout on innovative work behaviour of professional nurses

PurposeThe present study aims to examine the moderating effect of burnout between intellectual capital and innovative work behaviour of professional nurses.Design/methodology/approachMixed-method approach was followed that involves conducting both quantitative surveys and qualitative semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data was collected from 844 staff nurses. Interviews were conducted with a total of 20 participants including director of nursing, chief nursing officer, general manager operation, professor cum principal, doctors, nurse educators, ward in charges and staff nurses working with multi, super speciality private and charitable trust hospitals in Mumbai (India).FindingsIntellectual capital and burnout (intellectual capital*burnout) interaction increased the proportion of innovative work behaviour from 0.09 to 0.15, an increase of 66.67%. The results also reveal a significant and negative (−0.09) moderating effect of burnout between intellectual capital and innovative work behaviour of nurses. Qualitative findings also could confirm and support that human, structural and relational capital help nurses to be innovative. However, whenever nurses feel a loss of energy, enthusiasm, motivation and exhaustion, they tend to become less innovative and continue only with the routine works.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a new implication for multi, super speciality private and charitable trust hospitals management to relook at and reduce the level of burnout to mitigate its adverse effect.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study and findings related to professional nurses working in multi, super speciality private and charitable trust hospitals in India.

Enforcing charitable trusts: a study on the English necessary interest rule

In England, Parliament introduced the ‘necessary interest rule’ through the enactment of section 115 of the Charities Act 2011 (England and Wales), allowing ‘any person interested’ in a charitable trust to initiate charity proceedings against defaulting trustees in their administration of charitable assets. Nevertheless, insufficient attention has been paid to this rule despite it being initially enacted in 1853. Parliament has refrained from clearly defining the rule, and the courts have long been grappling with its meaning in determining whether a person is eligible to sue. This paper studies the necessary interest rule by exploring the way in which the courts have interpreted it and the uncertainties surrounding its operation. It is shown that, in the context of charitable trusts, the concern of securing the due administration and execution of the trust lies at the heart of the rule. The final section of this paper discusses the significant theoretical implications of the necessary interest rule. It considers the beneficiary-enforcer debate concerning the conceptual nature of express trusts and highlights the insights that analysis of the rule can provide into this debate.

THE APPLICATION OF PUBLIC BENEFIT REQUIREMENT OF CHARITABLE TRUST IN WAQF COURT JUDGMENT: A REVIEW

Waqf is a form of voluntary charity and its purposes are recognised by Islamic law as religious, pious or charitable. Charitable trust is a public trust where the settlor may aim to create certain purposes. Both waqf and charitable trust share the same objective, which is for the benefit of the community at large. The objective of this article is to reveal how the requirements of “public benefit” in charitable trust are applicable to waqf cases. In determining the validity of a charitable trust, the requirement of public benefit is essential, particularly under the last three charitable purposes, namely advancement of education, advancement of religion, and other purposes beneficial to the community. Besides, the personal nexus test is applied in the case of charitable trust to ensure no personal linkage between the founder and the beneficiaries. These two elements are necessary to establish a valid charitable trust. The English court will first filter out such a case to ensure that there is no infringement of other people’s rights and exploitation of the charitable trust’s privilege. Public benefit requirement and personal test are also applicable in cases relating to waqf cases. In waqf, the Islamic law prescribes two categories, which are “Waqf Khairi” (Public waqf) and “Waqf Ahli” (Family waqf). However, family waqf is treated as “non-charitable under the influence of English law of trust” because it infringes the rule against perpetuities. The methodology used in this article is doctrinal legal research focusing on the legal principle as well as the cases of public benefit requirement, the personal nexus test, and the rule against perpetuities in charitable trust and waqf. This article found that the requirement of public benefit is applicable in public waqf, but not for family waqf. Despite that, family waqf should be maintained as it is a great channel for wealth distribution and succession planning.

The Development and Application of Charitable Trust in China

Charitable trust is a combination of charity and trust industry. The development of charitable trust started earlier in foreign countries and has been widely used. Charitable trust in China is still in its infancy, lacking legal support and a complete operation system. Problems such as unclear boundaries and imperfect tax preference system, and a complete public trust system has not yet been formed. But from a development point of view, charitable trust in China's poverty alleviation, pension and other fields have a high application value and development prospects. In this paper, the development status of charitable trust in China is summarized and considered.