scholarly journals Effects of Site Preparation Methods on the Establishment and Natural-Regeneration Traits of Scots Pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Northeastern Poland

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Aleksandrowicz-Trzcińska ◽  
Stanisław Drozdowski ◽  
Marcin Studnicki ◽  
Henryk Żybura
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Aridity Indices ◽  
Moisture Conditions

While some tree species can regenerate naturally without mechanical site preparation (MSP), Scots pine has been shown to benefit from this process. We compared three methods: using a double-mouldboard forest plough (FP), an active single-disc plough (AP), and a forest mill (FM), as well as a no-MSP control, in terms of growth, survival and density of occurrence of pines during the first 4 years of natural regeneration. Moisture conditions were expressed via calculated de Martonne aridity indices, while the microhabitats generated via different MSP methods were further characterised by the total contents of N and C, and the C/N ratio, P2O5, and base cations, as well as bulk density and actual moisture. The trials showed inferior regeneration without MSP in terms of the density and cover of young pines. Any of the studied treatments influenced survival, though the best growth was achieved by seedlings using the FP and AP methods, while the best density and evenness results were obtained using AP. The factors most influencing regeneration features were high precipitation during the first growing season after sowing and reduced competition with other vegetation in the cleared area. This impact seems far more important than the capacity of different MSPs to produce differentiation in soil microhabitats in terms of nutrient status or bulk density.

scholarly journals Four-year-performance of oak and pine seedlings following mechanical site preparation with lightweight excavators

Silva Fennica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noé Dumas ◽  
Mathieu Dassot ◽  
Jonathan Pitaud ◽  
Jérôme Piat ◽  
Lucie Arnaudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation

Mechanical site preparation methods that used tools mounted on lightweight excavators and that provided localised intensive preparation were tested in eight experimental sites across France where the vegetation was dominated either by (L.) Moench or (L.) Kuhn. Two lightweight tools (Deep Scarifier: DS; Deep Scarifier followed by Multifunction Subsoiler: DS+MS) were tested in pine ( L., var. (Loudon) Hyl. or Aiton) and oak ( (Matt.) Liebl. or  L.) plantations. Regional methods commonly used locally (herbicide, disk harrow, mouldboard plow) and experimental methods (repeated herbicide application; untreated control) were used as references in the experiments. Neighbouring vegetation cover, seedling survival, height and basal diameter were assessed over three to five years after plantation. For pines growing in , seedling diameter after four years was 37% and 98% greater in DS and DS+MS, respectively, than in the untreated control. For pines growing in , it was 62% and 107% greater in the same treatments. For oak, diameter was only 4% and 15% greater in , and 13% and 25% greater in , in the same treatments. For pines, the survival rate after four years was 26% and 32% higher in and 64% and 70% higher in , in the same treatments. For oak, it was 3% and 29% higher in and 37% and 31% higher in . Herbicide, when applied for three or four years after planting, provided the best growth performances for pines growing in and and for oaks growing in . For these species and site combinations, DS+MS and DS treatments reduced the neighbouring vegetation cover for one to four years following site preparation.Molinia caeruleaPteridium aquilinumPinus sylvestrisPinus nigracorsicanaPinus pinasterQuercus petraeaQuercus roburM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caerulea P. aquilinumP. aquilinum

scholarly journals Effects of spot mounding and inverting on growth of conifers, exposed mineral soil and natural birch regeneration

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Laine ◽  
Ville Kankaanhuhta ◽  
Juho Rantala ◽  
Timo Saksa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Downy Birch

In Nordic forests, consistent evidence about better seedling survival rate and increased growth due to site preparation have been obtained in numerous studies. Proper site preparation method can reduce costs of the whole regeneration chain through its effects on survival of planted seedlings, abundance of natural regeneration and competition in early stand development. This study compared the natural regeneration of birches (silver birch ( Roth) and downy birch ( Ehrh.)), amount of exposed mineral soil, and growth of planted seedlings between spot mounding and inverting site preparation methods. Present study was conducted in eight forest stands established in 2012 or 2015. Even though difference was not statistically significant, inverting exposed less mineral soil than spot mounding and thus reduced the natural regeneration of birch seedlings by 6135 seedlings ha compared to spot mounding. However, the variation between regeneration areas was remarkable. There was no difference in seedling mortality or growth between the site preparation methods. In order to achieve high growth of conifers, moderate amount of exposed mineral soil and thus less naturally regenerated birch, inverting should be favored over spot mounding.Betula pendulaB. pubescens–1

Effects of mechanical site preparation and slash removal on long-term productivity of conifer plantations in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1319
Author(s):  
Karin Hjelm ◽  
Urban Nilsson ◽  
Ulf Johansson ◽  
Per Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Individual Trees

Mechanical site preparation is commonly used to increase survival and early growth of newly planted seedlings. Ideally, any early positive effects of site preparation should persist for a long time, but concerns have been raised as to whether intensive site preparation might have a negative effect on the long-term productivity of a stand. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the long-term effects of different site-preparation methods on productivity and determine any possible interactions with tree species and site fertility. In the 1980s, a randomized block experiment was established at sites throughout Sweden. Four site-preparation methods of various intensities were performed on different sites: (i) an untreated control, (ii) disc trenching, (iii) mounding, and (iv) ploughing. As a complementary treatment, slash was either retained or removed from some plots. Depending on soil moisture class, geographical position, and site index, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), or lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) were planted in pure stands. Growth variables such as height and diameter were measured during the first years after establishment. After about 30 years, these variables were remeasured at the level of individual trees. Overall, an increased production of the planted trees after site preparation was found. Neither intensive site preparation (such as ploughing) nor slash removal had any negative effect on the long-term productivity of these experimental stands.

Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage : résultats de 10 ans

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2097-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Daniel Dumais
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Artificial Regeneration

Careful logging around advance growth (CLAAG) and tree planting following site preparation or not (fill planting) are widely used to regenerate black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. However, few mid-term studies have compared these different regeneration modes. In this study, we examined height growth and nutrient status of black spruce layers, natural seedlings, and planted seedlings over a 10-year period, in an experimental design combining CLAAG, natural seeding, planting, and two types of scarification (cones and disks). Without scarification, growth of planted seedlings (5.8 cm·year–1) was slightly greater than that of layers (4.4 cm·year–1) and natural seedlings (4.1 cm·year–1). Scarification improved growth of the three types of regeneration, but the treatment was more beneficial for planted seedlings (+7.1 cm·year–1) than for natural seedlings (+1.6 cm·year–1) and layers (+1,0 cm·year–1). Five years after treatment, scarification had increased the current-year needle N concentration of the three types of regeneration, but this beneficial effect on N was still detectable only in foliage of layers after 10 years. The effect of the treatment was variable for P and K contents, for which natural regeneration seems to have taken advantage more than plants. Our results indicate that scarification can improve the initial growth and nutrient status of both natural and artificial regeneration of black spruce and thus accelerate site recovery after cutting in the boreal forest. Furthermore, fill planting without site preparation appeared to be clearly less efficient than planting combined with scarification.

Chemical and mechanical site preparation: effects on Pinus contorta growth, physiology, and microsite quality on grassy, steep forest sites in British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1495-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne W Simard ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Daniel M Durall ◽  
Graeme D Hope ◽  
Robert J Stathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Site preparation alleviates the effects of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) interference on conifers in British Columbia, but little is known about interference mechanisms and appropriate site preparation methods for steep slopes. In this study, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) was planted in pinegrass controls and small (90 × 90 cm) and large (180 × 90 cm) patches where (i) only pinegrass was removed using glyphosate or (ii) both pinegrass and the forest floor were removed using an excavator. Treatments were replicated three times in east- and west-facing clearcuts and effects were followed for 9 years. Two-year pine survival was 78% in the control and >97% in large patches. All patch treatments improved pine growth, but it was greatest in large chemical patches during the initial 6 years and in both large patch treatments thereafter. Removal of the forest floor reduced foliar and soil nutrients, increased bulk density and soil water availability, decreased porosity and aggregate stability, and reduced ectomycorrhizal diversity and richness. These changes were not observed in chemical patches. All patch treatments increased soil temperatures and reduced frost relative to controls, but more so in large patches. Pinegrass can suppress early pine performance, and large chemical patches that retain the forest floor are best for relieving the multiple environmental stressors.

Dominant Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Carolina Flatwoods

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon V. Pienaar ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Separate Site ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Dominant Height Growth

Abstract Stem analysis was used to reconstruct the past height growth of sample trees taken from the upper canopy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the Carolina flat-woods. From a soil profile description a Soil Conservation Service drainage class was determined for each sampled location. The effects of soil drainage class and method of site preparation on the height growth trends were examined, and resulted in the construction of two sets of site index curves: one for very poorly drained (almost exclusively North Carolina pocosin) soils, and another for soils ranging from poorly to well drained. Within drainage classes the different categories of mechanical site preparation methods considered did not require the construction of separate site index curves.

scholarly journals Mechanical Site Preparation and Early Chemical Tending in White Spruce: 19-year Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Wood ◽  
S. W. J. Dominy
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation

A white spruce outplanting trial, with about 480 trees, was established on a fertile mixedwood site in Ontario (47°N, 84°W) in 1967 to study the effects of two site preparation methods and early chemical tending on the development of the crop species and non-crop woody vegetation. Nineteen-year results are presented. Early chemical tending of white spruce resulted in a significant increase in growth on the drum-prepared block, but not on the blade-prepared block. On the drum-prepared block, mortality of white spruce outplants did not differ significantly between herbicide-treated and untreated plots. On the blade-prepared block, mortality was significantly greater with herbicide application than without it. Similar non-crop tree and shrub species were found on sites prepared with both sharkfin drums and angle-dozer blades. However, woody weeds were less abundant on the herbicide-treated plots than on the untreated plots. Key words: white spruce outplant performance; chemical weed control; 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T; mechanical site preparation; herbicide efficacy; silvicultural efficacy; early tending; sharkfin drum; angle-dozer blade.

scholarly journals Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
William H. McKee ◽  
Gregory A. Scheerer ◽  
Mark D. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Natural Forest Regeneration at Khadimnagar National Park, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
MAHEDI HASAN LIMON ◽  
SAIDA HOSSAIN ARA ◽  
MOHAMMAD GOLAM KIBRIA
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
National Park ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Tree Species Richness

Natural regeneration is an indicator of a healthy forest, hence, understanding the influence of site factors on natural regeneration is a significant concern for ecologists. This work aimed to assess the impact of site factors on natural tree regeneration at Khadimnagar National Park (KNP). Biotic factors (tree density, tree species richness, and basal area), physical factors (elevation, canopy openness), and soil properties (bulk density, moisture content, soil pH, organic matter, sand, silt, and clay) data were investigated from 71 sample plots to examine their effects on natural regeneration density and richness in KNP. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was done to predict both regeneration density and regeneration richness. The results showed that soil pH (p<0.001), canopy openness (p<0.001), tree species richness (p<0.01), and bulk density (p<0.01) had a significant effect on regeneration density, explaining 42% of the total variation. Regeneration richness was driven by four factors: tree species richness (p<0.01), soil pH (p<0.001), elevation (p<0.01), and canopy openness (p<0.01) with a model that explained 60% of the total variation. This study observed that soil pH, tree species richness, and canopy openness are the main controlling factors that influenced both the density and richness of regenerating species in KNP. Therefore, these findings have implications for natural resource management, especially in selecting suitable silvicultural systems in a tropical forest under protected area management where enhanced tree cover and conservation of biodiversity are needed.

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