scholarly journals Current Progress in Production of Building-Block Organic Acids by Consolidated Bioprocessing of Lignocellulose

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Roberto Mazzoli
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Consolidated Bioprocessing ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Fermentative Production ◽  
Acid Tolerant

Several organic acids have been indicated among the top value chemicals from biomass. Lignocellulose is among the most attractive feedstocks for biorefining processes owing to its high abundance and low cost. However, its highly complex nature and recalcitrance to biodegradation hinder development of cost-competitive fermentation processes. Here, current progress in development of single-pot fermentation (i.e., consolidated bioprocessing, CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass to high value organic acids will be examined, based on the potential of this approach to dramatically reduce process costs. Different strategies for CBP development will be considered such as: (i) design of microbial consortia consisting of (hemi)cellulolytic and valuable-compound producing strains; (ii) engineering of microorganisms that combine biomass-degrading and high-value compound-producing properties in a single strain. The present review will mainly focus on production of organic acids with application as building block chemicals (e.g., adipic, cis,cis-muconic, fumaric, itaconic, lactic, malic, and succinic acid) since polymer synthesis constitutes the largest sector in the chemical industry. Current research advances will be illustrated together with challenges and perspectives for future investigations. In addition, attention will be dedicated to development of acid tolerant microorganisms, an essential feature for improving titer and productivity of fermentative production of acids.

Investigation of in-feed organic acids as a low cost strategy to combat Salmonella in grower pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lynch ◽  
F.C. Leonard ◽  
K. Walia ◽  
P.G. Lawlor ◽  
G. Duffy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Strategy ◽  
Low Cost Strategy

Effects of Community Versus Single Strain Inoculants on the Biocontrol of Salmonella and Microbial Community Dynamics in Alfalfa Sprouts†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANABELLE MATOS ◽  
JAY L. GARLAND
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Alfalfa Sprouts ◽  
Alfalfa Seeds

Potential biological control inoculants, Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and microbial communities derived from market sprouts or laboratory-grown alfalfa sprouts, were introduced into alfalfa seeds with and without a Salmonella inoculum. We examined their ability to inhibit the growth of this foodborne pathogen and assess the relative effects of the inoculants on the alfalfa microbial community structure and function. Alfalfa seeds contaminated with a Salmonella cocktail were soaked for 2 h in bacterial suspensions from each inoculant tested. Inoculated alfalfa seeds were grown for 7 days and sampled during days 1, 3, and 7. At each sampling, alfalfa sprouts were sonicated for 7 min to recover microflora from the surface, and the resulting suspensions were diluted and plated on selective and nonselective media. Total bacterial counts were obtained using acridine orange staining, and the percentage culturability was calculated. Phenotypic potential of sprout-associated microbial communities inoculated with biocontrol treatments was assessed using community-level physiological profiles based on patterns of use of 95 separate carbon sources in Biolog plates. Community-level physiological profiles were also determined using oxygen-sensitive fluorophore in BD microtiter plates to examine functional patterns in these communities. No significant differences in total and mesophilic aerobe microbial cell density or microbial richness resulting from the introduction of inoculants on alfalfa seeds with and without Salmonella were observed. P. fluorescens 2-79 exhibited the greatest reduction in the growth of Salmonella early during alfalfa growth (4.22 log at day 1), while the market sprout inoculum had the reverse effect, resulting in a maximum log reduction (5.48) of Salmonella on day 7. Community-level physiological profiles analyses revealed that market sprout communities peaked higher and faster compared with the other inoculants tested. These results suggest that different modes of actions of single versus microbial consortia biocontrol treatments may be involved.

scholarly journals 5G Wireless/Wired Convergence of UFMC Based Modulation for Intensity Modulation Direct Detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerthivasan K ◽  
Shibu S
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Media Applications

Faster data speeds, shorter end-to-end latencies, improved end-user service efficiency, and a wider range of multi-media applications are expected with the new 5G wireless services. The dramatic increase in the number of base stations required to meet these criteria, which undermines the low-cost constraints imposed by operators, demonstrates the need for a paradigm shift in modern network architecture. Alternative formats will be required for next-generation architectures, where simplicity is the primary goal. The number of connections is expected to increase rapidly, breaking the inherent complexity of traditional coherent solutions and lowering the resulting cost percentage. A novel implementation model is used to migrate complex-nature modulation structures in a highly efficient and cost-effective manner. Theoretical work to analyses modulations’ behavior over a wired/fiber setup and wireless mode is also provided. The state-of-the-art computational complexity, simplicity, and ease of execution while maintaining efficiency throughput and bit error rate.

scholarly journals A light tunable differentiation system for the creation and control of consortia in yeast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chetan Aditya ◽  
François Bertaux ◽  
Gregory Batt ◽  
Jakob Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
Straightforward Manner ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Differentiation Strategy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Immense Potential

Artificial microbial consortia seek to leverage division-of-labour to optimize function and possess immense potential for bioproduction. Co-culturing approaches, the preferred mode of generating a consortium, remain limited in their ability to give rise to stable consortia having finely tuned compositions. Here, we present an artificial differentiation system in budding yeast capable of generating stable microbial consortia with custom functionalities from a single strain at user-defined composition in space and in time based on optogenetically-driven genetic rewiring. Owing to fast, reproducible, and light-tunable dynamics, our system enables dynamic control of consortia composition in continuous cultures for extended periods. We further demonstrate that our system can be extended in a straightforward manner to give rise to consortia with multiple subpopulations. Our artificial differentiation strategy establishes a novel paradigm for the creation of complex microbial consortia that are simple to implement, precisely controllable, and versatile to use.

The Effect of Wall Thermal Boundary Condition on Natural Convective Shutdown Cooling in a Gas Turbine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Daniel Fahy ◽  
Peter Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Convective Boundary ◽  
Thermocouple Probe

Abstract As a civil gas turbine cools down, asymmetric natural convective heat transfer causes the bottom sector of the rotor to cool faster than the top; this circumferential thermal gradient can potentially cause the shaft to deflect – a phenomenon called thermal or rotor bow. Rotor bow is tremendously difficult to predict due to its dependence on a number of engine design parameters, in addition to the complex nature of natural convective flows. A novel experimental facility has been developed to gain further understanding into shutdown cooling of a gas turbine. The scope of this paper is to quantify the effect of basic design features on natural convective cooling in an engine annulus during shut-down. In addition to this, a low-cost, robust thermocouple probe has been developed and validated, which allows for accurate temperature measurements in a natural convective boundary layer. An extensive experimental campaign has been completed. The key finding is that the local radial wall temperature difference was found to be the most influential parameter on the local heat transfer. Non-isothermal walls did not alter the overall distribution of the inner wall equivalent conductivity. This was true for both cylindrical and conical sections. Therefore, the mean surface heat transfer for non-isothermal inner and outer profiles, within the range −0.4<Ra/RaLc <0.4, where the thermal gradient is negative in the clockwise from top-dead- centre, can be predicted using isothermal correlations for RaLc < 5.0 × 105 and Dr < = 1.5.

scholarly journals Development of Hillchol®, a low-cost inactivated single strain Hikojima oral cholera vaccine

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (50) ◽  
pp. 7998-8009
Author(s):  
Tarun Sharma ◽  
Neeraj Joshi ◽  
Ashwani Kumar Mandyal ◽  
Stefan L Nordqvist ◽  
Michael Lebens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Oral Cholera Vaccine

scholarly journals Seed Pretreatment for Increased Hydrogen Production Using Mixed-Culture Systems with Advantages over Pure-Culture Systems

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayak Laxman Pachapur ◽  
Prianka Kutty ◽  
Preetika Pachapur ◽  
Satinder Kaur Brar ◽  
Yann Le Bihan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Media Supplements

Hydrogen is an important source of energy and is considered as the future energy carrier post-petroleum era. Nowadays hydrogen production through various methods is being explored and developed to minimize the production costs. Biological hydrogen production has remained an attractive option, highly economical despite low yields. The mixed-culture systems use undefined microbial consortia unlike pure-cultures that use defined microbial species for hydrogen production. This review summarizes mixed-culture system pretreatments such as heat, chemical (acid, alkali), microwave, ultrasound, aeration, and electric current, amongst others, and their combinations to improve the hydrogen yields. The literature representation of pretreatments in mixed-culture systems is as follows: 45–50% heat-treatment, 15–20% chemical, 5–10% microwave, 10–15% combined and 10–15% other treatment. In comparison to pure-culture mixed-culture offers several advantages, such as technical feasibility, minimum inoculum steps, minimum media supplements, ease of operation, and the fact it works on a wide spectrum of low-cost easily available organic wastes for valorization in hydrogen production. In comparison to pure-culture, mixed-culture can eliminate media sterilization (4 h), incubation step (18–36 h), media supplements cost ($4–6 for bioconversion of 1 kg crude glycerol (CG)) and around 10–15 Millijoule (MJ) of energy can be decreased for the single run.

scholarly journals Using Foursquare place data for estimating building block use

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyridon Spyratos ◽  
Demetris Stathakis ◽  
Michael Lutz ◽  
Chrisa Tsinaraki
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Evaluation Metric ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
The City ◽  
Use Categories

Information about the land use of built-up areas is required for the comprehensive planning and management of cities. However, due to the high cost of the land use surveys, land use data is out-dated or not available for many cities. Therefore, we propose the reuse of up-to-date and low-cost place data from social media applications for land use mapping purposes. As main case study, we used Foursquare place data for estimating nonresidential building block use in the city of Amsterdam. Based on the Foursquare place categories, we estimated the use of 9827 building blocks, and we compared the classification results with a reference building block use dataset. Our evaluation metric is the kappa coefficient, which determines if the classification results are significantly better than a random guess result. Using the optimal set of parameter values, we achieved the highest kappa coefficient values for the land use categories “ hotels, restaurants and cafes” (0.76) and “ retail” (0.65). The lowest kappa coefficients were found for the land use categories “ industries” and “ storage and unclear”. We have also applied the methodology in another case study area, the city of Varese in Italy, where we had similar accuracy results. We therefore conclude that Foursquare place data can be trusted only for the estimation of particular land use categories.

Immobilisation of Clostridium spp. for production of solvents and organic acids

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Dolejš ◽  
Martin Rebroš ◽  
Michal Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Clostridium Species ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Fermentative Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immobilised Cells ◽  
Clostridium Spp

AbstractThis review summarises the high potential of immobilised cells systems for the fermentative production of compounds, mainly produced by representatives of the Clostridium genus. Microorganisms of Clostridium species are recognised as good producers of a wide range of chemicals in almost every sector of industry. The combination of this microorganism with its immobilisation opens up new possibilities and renders the fermentation process more sophisticated than in a free-cell system. This review provides a comprehensive summary of techniques used in immobilisation of Clostridium species with regard to specific products and types of fermentation. In addition, comparisons of particular types of immobilisation techniques used in fermentation processes are summarised by specific products.

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