scholarly journals 5G Wireless/Wired Convergence of UFMC Based Modulation for Intensity Modulation Direct Detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerthivasan K ◽  
Shibu S
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Media Applications

Faster data speeds, shorter end-to-end latencies, improved end-user service efficiency, and a wider range of multi-media applications are expected with the new 5G wireless services. The dramatic increase in the number of base stations required to meet these criteria, which undermines the low-cost constraints imposed by operators, demonstrates the need for a paradigm shift in modern network architecture. Alternative formats will be required for next-generation architectures, where simplicity is the primary goal. The number of connections is expected to increase rapidly, breaking the inherent complexity of traditional coherent solutions and lowering the resulting cost percentage. A novel implementation model is used to migrate complex-nature modulation structures in a highly efficient and cost-effective manner. Theoretical work to analyses modulations’ behavior over a wired/fiber setup and wireless mode is also provided. The state-of-the-art computational complexity, simplicity, and ease of execution while maintaining efficiency throughput and bit error rate.

Bioremediation of Pesticides under the Influence of Bacteria and Fungi

2015 ◽  
pp. 51-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamta ◽  
Rayavarapu Jaganadha Rao ◽  
Khursheed Ahmad Wani
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The demand and development of chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals is increasing constantly posing a potential threat to the environment. The presence of pesticides and their impact makes their removal and detoxification a more urgent need. Bioremediation technologies have been successfully used and are gaining more and more importance with increased acceptance of eco-friendly remediation solutions among the scientific community. Bioremediation by fungi and bacteria is considered a better option for making environment free from pesticides, as chemical and physical methods are not only costly but also not very effective. However, the complex nature of pesticides is an obstacle to degrade the pesticides, so more versatile and robust microorganisms need to be identified which can produce the desired result in a very cost-effective manner. This study examines the role played by fungi and bacteria in degradation of the pesticides in environment and also identify the future research problems in this regard that need to be experimented.

scholarly journals Automatic Threshold on Current based Anti-pinch Mechanism for Power Windows

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Kunto Wibowo ◽  
Seok-Kwon Jeong ◽  
Sam-Sang You ◽  
Lee Jaemin
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Safety Mechanism ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Optimal Calculation

<span>In this paper, the automotive power window has been integrated with an advanced safety mechanism called anti-pinch system for good protection. Based on a contact method, a new safety mechanism using a low-cost technology has been proposed to set a threshold value as a limit to decide the pinch condition, or automatic threshold method. The electric current information is easily detected by using current sensor installed on a motor driver without incorporating extra device. Then the pinch condition is quickly reflected and calculated by using current information in the system. Since the automatic threshold is decided by analyzing system behavior in advance, the optimal calculation can be guaranteed and then applied it on the safety mechanism in a cost-effective manner. Through extensive experimental tests, the squeezing forces of the proposed anti-pinch system have been verified to satisfy requirements of the FMVSS 118 regulations.</span>

scholarly journals Role of Fibrinolytic Enzymes in Anti-Thrombosis Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farwa Altaf ◽  
Shourong Wu ◽  
Vivi Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Effective Manner

Thrombosis, a major cause of deaths in this modern era responsible for 31% of all global deaths reported by WHO in 2017, is due to the aggregation of fibrin in blood vessels which leads to myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Classical agents such as anti-platelet, anti-coagulant drugs or other enzymes used for thrombosis treatment at present could leads to unwanted side effects including bleeding complication, hemorrhage and allergy. Furthermore, their high cost is a burden for patients, especially for those from low and middle-income countries. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel and low-cost drugs for thrombosis treatment. Fibrinolytic enzymes, including plasmin like proteins such as proteases, nattokinase, and lumbrokinase, as well as plasminogen activators such as urokinase plasminogen activator, and tissue-type plasminogen activator, could eliminate thrombi with high efficacy rate and do not have significant drawbacks by directly degrading the fibrin. Furthermore, they could be produced with high-yield and in a cost-effective manner from microorganisms as well as other sources. Hence, they have been considered as potential compounds for thrombosis therapy. Herein, we will discuss about natural mechanism of fibrinolysis and thrombus formation, the production of fibrinolytic enzymes from different sources and their application as drugs for thrombosis therapy.

Challenge and Complexity of Virtual Team Management

2014 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Edward T. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Talent Pool ◽  
Effective Manner

To thrive in our global economy, businesses must continually seek ways to maintain a competitive advantage by supplying the market with innovative and effective products and services. To do this, barriers of space and time must be overcome, conventional business processes must be enhanced, and customer demand must be promptly answered by high-quality, low-cost, or value-based products and services. One way for companies to meet these fast-paced market demands is by utilizing virtual teams. With virtual teams, companies can expand their talent pool beyond geographical barriers. Furthermore, they can incorporate a follow-the-sun process in their business strategy. Combined, this leveraged approach can better position companies to meet market demands in a more timely and cost-effective manner. However, to achieve this competitive advantage, business leaders must thoroughly understand the challenges associated with developing and managing virtual teams. This research chapter examines the reasons for utilizing virtual teams, challenges that stem from diversity, structural and behavioral characteristics, and managerial considerations for effective leadership, supporting technologies, best practices, and future implications.

scholarly journals Curating Local Knowledge: Experimental Evidence from Small Retailers in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio S Dalton ◽  
Julius Rüschenpöhler ◽  
Burak Uras ◽  
Bilal Zia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Behavioral Constraints ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Outstanding Question

Abstract Business practices and performance vary widely across businesses within the same sector. A key outstanding question is why profitable practices do not readily diffuse. We conduct a field experiment among urban retailers in Indonesia to study whether alleviating informational and behavioral frictions can facilitate such diffusion in a cost-effective manner. Through quantitative and qualitative fieldwork, we curate a handbook that associates locally relevant practices with performance, and provides idiosyncratic implementation guidance informed by exemplary local retailers. We complement this handbook with two light-touch interventions to facilitate behavior change. A subset of retailers is invited to a documentary movie screening featuring the paths to success of exemplary peers. Another subset is offered two 30 minute personal visits by a local facilitator. A third group is offered both. Eighteen months later, we find significant impacts on practice adoption when the handbook is coupled with the two behavioral nudges, and up to a 35% increase in profits and 16.7% increase in sales. These findings suggest both informational and behavioral constraints are at play. The types of practices adopted map the performance improvements to efficiency gains rather than other channels. A simple cost-benefit analysis shows such locally relevant knowledge can be codified and scaled successfully at relatively low cost.

scholarly journals Detection and Mitigation of Flood Attacks in IPv6 Enabled Software Defined Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
O. Ashimi Quadri ◽  
Adeniji Oluwashola David
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Data Plane ◽  
Experimental Testbed

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging technology, which provides network architecture that decouples the control plane from the data plane. Due to the centralized control, the network becomes more dynamic, and the network resources are managed in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. The centralization of the control plane requires robust and real-time security techniques. The security Techniques will protect it from any sign of vulnerabilities associated with the network such as a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The problem of the data-plane is that the attack is hard to be tracked by the SDN controlling plane. This makes the switches to be more susceptible against these types of attacks and hence it is very important to have quick provisional methods in place to prevent the switches from breaking down as soon as first signs of an attack are detected. To resolve this problem, the research developed a mechanism that detects and mitigates flood attacks in IPv6 enabled software to define networks. An experimental testbed was developed using sFlow technique, floodlight controller, and OpenFlow version 1.3. A mitigation algorithm was also developed and was tested with a simulation tool Mininet. The real network traffic was tested on the testbed to investigate the effective mitigation of a DDoS attack. The mitigation time performance for IPv6 was 46.6% while IPv4 was 66.6%. Also, The result gathered from the experiment showed that both the response and detection times were 4 secs while the mitigation time was 7secs respectively. The overall control time being 11 secs. The experimental Testbed result shows that the developed testbed outperformed the previous methods with the ability to detect threats on the network faster. The result from the IPv6 testbed is a probable solution to mitigate the threats posed by DDoS attacks on the IPv6 enabled SDN network resources.

scholarly journals Cost Effective Digitalization Solution for Sinumerik CNC System To Increase The Transparency and Utilization of The Machine

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Machine Utilization ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

In this work, we fetch the current trends in industrial automation and data exchange technology adopted in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine and mitigate the features in in a cost-effective manner. The current trend is Industry 4.0, uses cloud-based systems for information and data exchanges in machine to machine communication. This methodology is reliable, but expensive and can be afforded only by large scale companies. In order to provide the data transparencies at low cost, we utilize a low-cost computing system using Python language for small scale industry. This technique was implemented in the existing CNC machine and the machine parameters such as Machine Operating Mode, Cycle Time, Part Count, Feed rate, Spindle Running Hours, Machine Running Hours, and Machine Utilization Hours are monitored. Graphical user interface (GUI) screens are developed to help human machine interface. Acquired real-time machine data will help boost transparency and help the operator/ user for smart decision making. The IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) technology helps to connect more numbers of such machines, results in increased machine utilization and productivity through continuously monitoring and analyzes.

Sudden Unavailability of Water in Water Tank May Invite COVID-19 Improved Implementation of Low-Cost Internet of Things Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5250-5255
Author(s):  
Pasam Prudvi Kiran ◽  
E. Laxmi Lydia
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Improved Model

The way the COVID-19 circumstance has been advancing is very disturbing over the globe and apparently this battle will be a prolonged one. At least, till the mission for vaccination succeeds, we should figure out how to live safely alongside the infection. Along with all the safety measures we have recently incorporated into our daily lives, the provision of continuous availability of water in a water tank at households, schools, marketplaces, health care facilities, and all other public gathering places is essential for right time self-sanitation and for maintaining hygienic surroundings, which ensures protection from this pandemic. In this work, at first, we explore the important role of continuous water availability in this pandemic lifestyle. Secondly, we provide a brief survey of existing works which are closely related to proposed problem and thirdly, we have prepared an improved model overcoming the maximum limitations of surveyed models and also adding new feature of thought provoking GUI and applied it to a practical case study to demonstrate its need and effectiveness. Proposed model can be adopted immediately in a cost-effective manner, with applicability ranging from 1000 Litre plastic water tank serving a normal house hold to 1000000 Litre overhead water tank serving a small village or a big industry, promoting the continuous availability of water.

scholarly journals Long-term field comparison of multiple low-cost particulate matter sensors in an outdoor urban environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentin M. J. Bulot ◽  
Steven J. Johnston ◽  
Philip J. Basford ◽  
Natasha H. C. Easton ◽  
Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
One Year

Abstract Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality, associated with up to 8.9 million deaths/year worldwide. Measurement of personal exposure to PM is hindered by poor spatial resolution of monitoring networks. Low-cost PM sensors may improve monitoring resolution in a cost-effective manner but there are doubts regarding data reliability. PM sensor boxes were constructed using four low-cost PM micro-sensor models. Three boxes were deployed at each of two schools in Southampton, UK, for around one year and sensor performance was analysed. Comparison of sensor readings with a nearby background station showed moderate to good correlation (0.61 < r < 0.88, p < 0.0001), but indicated that low-cost sensor performance varies with different PM sources and background concentrations, and to a lesser extent relative humidity and temperature. This may have implications for their potential use in different locations. Data also indicates that these sensors can track short-lived events of pollution, especially in conjunction with wind data. We conclude that, with appropriate consideration of potential confounding factors, low-cost PM sensors may be suitable for PM monitoring where reference-standard equipment is not available or feasible, and that they may be useful in studying spatially localised airborne PM concentrations.

scholarly journals Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1895
Author(s):  
Mahshid Javidsharifi ◽  
Hamoun Pourroshanfekr ◽  
Tamas Kerekes ◽  
Dezso Sera ◽  
Sergiu Spataru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Battery Capacity

Satisfying the mobile traffic demand in next generation cellular networks increases the cost of energy supply. Renewable energy sources are a promising solution to power base stations in a self-sufficient and cost-effective manner. This paper presents an optimal method for designing a photovoltaic (PV)-battery system to supply base stations in cellular networks. A systematic approach is proposed for determining the power rating of the photovoltaic generator and battery capacity from a technical and economical point of view in order to minimize investment cost as well as operational expenditure, while the power autonomy of the PV-battery system is maximized in a multi-objective optimization framework. The proposed method is applied to optimally size a photovoltaic-battery system for three cases with different availability of solar power to investigate the effect of environmental conditions. Problem-solving using the proposed approach leads to a set of solutions at different costs versus different levels of power autonomy. According to the importance of each criterion and the preference of decision-makers, one of the achieved solutions can be selected for the implementation of the photovoltaic-battery system to supply base stations in cellular networks.

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