Identification of the Causal Agent of Aqueous Spot Disease of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.) from the Jerte Valley (Cáceres, Spain)

The pre and postharvest disease named ‘aqueous spot’ is an emerging risk for sweet cherries growing in Jerte Valley (Cáceres, Spain). Early stages of the disease appear in the tree, but it is usually detected after harvesting, during the postharvest period. Symptoms include the appearance of skin discolouration and translucency in the shoulder areas. At the most advanced stages, a mycelium of white colour partially or completely covers the fruit. This manuscript provides a detailed description of the microbes involved in this disease, such as bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Microbes of different cherry cultivars were studied during two consecutive seasons (2019 and 2020). The counts of bacteria and yeast in damaged tissues were higher (7.05 and 6.38 log10 CFU/g for total aerobic mesophilic microbes and yeasts, respectively) than sound tissues (6.08 and 5.19 log10 CFU/g, respectively). The Enterobacterales order dominated the bacteria population. Among yeasts, Yarrowia lipolytica, in 2019, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Metschnikowia viticola, in 2020, were consistently isolated from all samples. The presence of moulds was inconsistently detected at the early stage of this disease by plate counts. However, microscopic observations revealed the presence of hyphae in cherry flesh. Different pathogenic moulds were identified, although white mycelium, identified as Botrytis cinerea by molecular methods, was consistently isolated at later stages. Inoculation tests confirmed the involvement of white-mycelium B. cinerea in the development of this new postharvest disease in the Jerte Valley. Its combination with Enterobacterales enhanced the evolution of rotting, whereas the combination with yeasts decreased and delayed the symptoms. This work presents the first report of a consortia of microorganisms implicated in the development of ‘aqueous spot’, an emerging disease in sweet cherry cultivars in the Jerte Valley.

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The Profile and Content of Polyphenols and Carotenoids in Local and Commercial Sweet Cherry Fruits (Prunus avium L.) and Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8110534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 534 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dominika Średnicka-Tober ◽

Alicja Ponder ◽

Ewelina Hallmann ◽

Agnieszka Głowacka ◽

Elżbieta Rozpara

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

High Antioxidant Activity ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Prunus Avium L

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the content of a number of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits of selected local and commercial sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. The experiment showed that the selected cultivars of sweet cherries differ significantly in the content of polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids. The fruits of commercial sweet cherry cultivars were, on average, richer in polyphenols (the sum of phenolic compounds determined chromatographically), flavonoids, as well as anthocyanins and were characterized by higher antioxidant activity when compared to the local, traditional cultivars. In the group of the traditional sweet cherry cultivars, particular attention could be paid to Black Late cv., showing the highest antioxidant activity of fruits. In the group of commercial sweet cherry cultivars, Cordia and Sylvia fruits could be recognized as being rich in bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. Yellow skin cultivars were characterized by the highest concentrations of carotenoids. Strong positive correlations between the identified bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits were also found. Although different cultivars of sweet cherries show a high variability in phenolics and carotenoids profiles as well as in the antioxidant activity of fruits, they all should be, similarly to other types of cherries, recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds with an antioxidant potential.

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Screening sweet cherry cultivars from the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Summerland breeding program for resistance to brown rot (Monilinia fructicola)

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps07137 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 747-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frank Kappeland ◽

Peter L Sholberg

Keyword(s):

Prunus Avium ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Research Centre ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Food Research ◽

The Pacific ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Recently released cultivars and advanced selections of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) from the breeding program at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre at Summerland, British Columbia, were screened for resistance to brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.)]. From 2000 to 2003 a range of sweet cherries were inoculated by spraying with a conidial suspension of 1 × 104 colony-forming units per mL of Monilinia fructicola, placed in a growth chamber at 13°C and rated for rot at 8 and 11 d after inoculation. The response of cultivars or selections varied from year to year. In 2000, 10 of 14 cultivars had disease incidences of over 50% by day 8, whereas, in 2002, only 2 of 19 cultivars had disease incidences greater than 50%. Staccato™, Stardust and Sweetheart were in the least susceptible category, that is, the percent rot infection was significantly less than the mean of all genotypes in 2 of the 4 yr. Santina, Skeena, and 13N-07-32 were in the least susceptible category in 1 of 4 yr. The level of resistance to brown rot was not very high. For the least susceptible cultivars such as Staccato™, Stardust, or Sweetheart, the level of resistance was not high enough to grow the crop without fungicide applications. Key words: Prunus avium, resistance, inoculation

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Resistance of sweet cherry cultivars to fruit surface pitting

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-244 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1197-1202 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frank Kappel ◽

Peter Toivonen ◽

Sabina Stan ◽

Darrell-Lee McKenzie

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Industry Standard ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Fruit Surface ◽

Prunus Avium L

A recently developed technique was used to determine the susceptibility to fruit surface pitting of new sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars and compare them to an industry standard. The cultivars tested included Bing (industry standard), Cristalina, Lapins, Sandra Rose, Santina, Skeena, Sonata, Staccato, and Sweetheart. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, injured, held at 1°C for 2 wk and then rated for fruit surface pitting. The cultivars Lapins, Skeena, Staccato, and Sweetheart had less pitting than Bing. Cristalina and Sonata tended to have similar levels of injury to Bing and Sandra Rose and Santina tended to have more severe pitting than Bing. Key words: Sweet cherries, cultivars, simulated pitting injury

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Wild and Rare Self-Incompatibility Allele S17 Found in 24 Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter ◽

10.1007/s11105-021-01327-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Agnes Kivistik ◽

Liina Jakobson ◽

Kersti Kahu ◽

Kristiina Laanemets

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Eastern European ◽

S Locus ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

S Alleles ◽

Allele Specific ◽

S Allele ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Consensus Primers

AbstractThe pollination of self-incompatible diploid sweet cherry is determined by the S-locus alleles. We resolved the S-alleles of 50 sweet cherry cultivars grown in Estonia and determined their incompatibility groups, which were previously unknown for most of the tested cultivars. We used consensus primers SI-19/20, SI-31/32, PaConsI, and PaConsII followed by allele-specific primers and sequencing to identify sweet cherry S-genotypes. Surprisingly, 48% (24/50) of the tested cultivars, including 17 Estonian cultivars, carry the rare S-allele S17, which had initially been described in wild sweet cherries in Belgium and Germany. The S17-allele in Estonian cultivars could originate from ‘Leningradskaya tchernaya’ (S6|S17), which has been extensively used in Estonian sweet cherry breeding. Four studied cultivars carrying S17 are partly self-compatible, whereas the other 20 cultivars with S17 have not been reported to be self-compatible. The recommended pollinator of seven self-incompatible sweet cherries is of the same S-genotype, including four with S17-allele, suggesting heritable reduced effectiveness of self-infertility. We classified the newly genotyped sweet cherry cultivars into 15 known incompatibility groups, and we proposed four new incompatibility groups, 64–67, for S-locus genotypes S3|S17, S4|S17, S5|S17, and S6|S17, respectively, which makes them excellent pollinators all across Europe. Alternatively, the frequency of S17 might be underestimated in Eastern European populations and some currently unidentified sweet cherry S-alleles might potentially be S17.

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The effect of Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni infection on sweet cherry fruit

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-03-21-0106-r ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alice Ann Wright ◽

Madalyn K Shires ◽

Christopher Beaver ◽

Garrett Bishop ◽

S. Tianna Dupont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Small Fruit ◽

Eastern Washington ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Metabolite Content

In sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), infection by Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni results in small fruit with poor color and taste, rendering the fruit unmarketable. Yet, the disease pathology is poorly understood, particularly at the cultivar level. Therefore, in this study we examined the physiological effects of Ca. P. pruni infection across a range of cultivars and locations within eastern Washington. We found that infection could be separated into early and established stages based on pathogen titer, that correlated with disease severity, including fruit size, color, and sugar and metabolite content. Furthermore, we also observed that the effects of early-stage infections were largely indistinguishable from healthy, uninfected plants. Cultivar and location-specific disease outcomes were observed with regards to size, color, sugar content, and citric acid content. This study presents the first in-depth assessment of X-disease symptoms and biochemical content of fruit from commercially grown sweet cherry cultivars known to be infected with Ca. P. pruni.

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COLDHARDINESS OF SWEET CHERRIES AS DETERMINED BY ARTIFICIAL FREEZING TESTS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps65-085 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 429-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Lapins

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Primary Leaf ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Cold Damage ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

One Year ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

The U.S

One-year-old shoots of 100 selected cherries representing the species Prunus avium (94 selections), P. fontanesiana, P. gondouini, and P. mahaleb were frozen at −35 °C, then forced in a growth chamber for 3 weeks, and visually examined for cold damage and recovery.The response of the better-known cultivars and species corresponded to their known hardiness. The hardiest seven cultivars or species included all six representatives of the species other than P. avium and one sweet cherry, the U.S. Department of Agriculture introduction Glenn Dale No. 6. The recorded differences in hardiness between sweet cherry cultivars were larger than expected. Certain numbered seedling selections were relatively hardy and may constitute a valuable source of breeding material.Bark, cambium, wood, supplemental buds, and primary leaf buds were examined for cold damage and recovery. Damage to primary leaf buds proved the most useful criterion for determining hardiness of cherry cultivars.

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Fruit Quality Characterization of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars as a Good Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080677 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 677

Author(s):

Fabiana Antognoni ◽

Giulia Potente ◽

Roberto Mandrioli ◽

Cristina Angeloni ◽

Michela Freschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

High Performance ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Array Detection ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

New Cultivars

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated fruits for their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. In this work, seven new cultivars of sweet cherry were investigated for their main quality traits and nutraceutical value. The phytochemical profile of three classes of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the new cultivars were investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometric assays, respectively, and compared with those of commonly commercialized cultivars. Cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside was the main anthocyanin in all genotypes, and its levels in some new cultivars were about three-fold higher than in commercial ones. The ORAC-assayed antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the total anthocyanin index. The nutraceutical value of the new cultivars was investigated in terms of antioxidant/neuroprotective capacity in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that the new cultivars were more effective in counteracting oxidative stress and were also able to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival neurotrophin, suggesting their potential pleiotropic role in counteracting neurodegenerations.

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Variable fruit set in self-fertile sweet cherry

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p00-161 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 753-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Cheol Choi, and Robert L. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Spring Frost ◽

Self Pollination ◽

Frost Injury ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Fruit Setting ◽

S Allele ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Fruit set on seven self-fertile (SF) sweet cherry genotypes from the Cornell Sweet Cherry Breeding Program was investigated. The S-alleles of all tested genotypes, based on controlled pollination and PCR-based S-allele typing analysis were determined to be: S1S4’ for Lapins, and S3S4’ for Stella, Starkrimson, NY 13688, NY 13696, NY 13788 and NY 13791. Higher fruit set of open-pollinated self-fertile genotypes indicated that the additional pollen donor was probably advantageous for fruit set in self-fertiles in the preliminary field study. However, no statistically significant differences were found between fully and self- (half compatible) pollination in caged trees in subsequent years’ studies. This inconsistency may have been due to shading by cages (for self-pollination only) or to differences in bee activity in caged trees as compared with open-pollinations made during preliminary studies. Additionally, the variation in fruit setting potential was dependent on genotype. Spring frost injury reduced fruit setting potential in self-fertile sweet cherries but pollen quality was not associated with variable fruit set. The results suggest that self-pollination would produce optimal fruit set in self-fertile sweet cherry cultivars regardless of partial pollen incompatibility. However, a more detailed study including fruit setting factors other than spring frost injury, and varying setting capacity depending on genotypes, would be required for a more complete determination of the commercial utility of growing self-fertile sweet cherries in solid blocks. Key words: Prunus avium L, sweet cherry, pollination, fruit set

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Synovium-Synovial Fluid Axis in Osteoarthritis Pathology: A Key Regulator of the Cartilage Degradation Process

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12070989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 989

Author(s):

Dhanashri Ingale ◽

Priya Kulkarni ◽

Ali Electricwala ◽

Alpana Moghe ◽

Sara Kamyab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synovial Fluid ◽

Early Stage ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Cartilage Degradation ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

Inflammatory Milieu

Failure of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies in osteoarthritis (OA) underlines the insufficient knowledge about inflammatory mechanisms, patterns and their relationship with cartilage degradation. Considering non-linear nature of cartilage loss in OA, a better understanding of inflammatory milieu and MMP status at different stages of OA is required to design early-stage therapies or personalized disease management. For this, an investigation based on a synovium-synovial fluid (SF) axis was planned to study OA associated changes in synovium and SF along the progressive grades of OA. Gene expressions in synovial-biopsies from different grades OA patients (N = 26) revealed a peak of IL-1β, IL-15, PGE2 and NGF in early OA (Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grade-I and II); the highest MMP levels were found in advanced stages (KL grade-III and IV). MMPs (MMP-1, 13, 2 and 9) abundance and FALGPA activity estimated in forty SFs of progressive grades showed the maximum protein levels and activity in KL grade-II and III. In an SF challenge test, SW982 and THP1 cells were treated with progressive grade SFs to study the dynamics of MMPs modulation in inflammatory microenvironment; the test yielded a result pattern, which matched with FALGPA and the protein-levels estimation. Inflammatory mediators in SFs served as steering factor for MMP up-regulation. A correlation-matrix of IL-1β and MMPs revealed expressional negative correlation.

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