scholarly journals Intentions-Based Reciprocity to Monetary and Non-Monetary Gifts

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Chao
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Marketing Literature ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Preference Models

Social preference models emphasize that perceived intentions motivate reciprocity. However, laboratory tests of this theory typically manipulate perceived intentions through changes in wealth resulting from a sacrifice in pay by another. There is little evidence on whether reciprocity occurs in response to perceived intentions alone, independent of concurrent changes in pay and giver sacrifice (and any associated guilt from that sacrifice). This paper addresses this gap in the literature by implementing a modified dictator game where gifts to dictators are possible, but where gift transactions are also stochastically prevented by nature. This leads to instances of observed gift-giving intentions that yield no sacrifice or change in outcomes. In addition, this study uses both monetary and non-monetary gifts; previous studies typically use only monetary incentives, even though real-world applications of this literature often involve non-monetary incentives such as business or marketing gifts. The results show that on average, dictators reciprocated strongly to just the intention to give a gift, and they also reciprocated similarly to both monetary and non-monetary gifts. These results are consistent with intentions-based models of social preferences and with much of the marketing literature on business gifts.

Trust among Internet Traders

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Bolton ◽  
Elena Katok ◽  
Axel Ockenfels
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Intrinsic Motivations ◽  
Online Trading ◽  
Reputation Mechanisms ◽  
Preference Models ◽  
Internet Market ◽  
Reputation Building

AbstractStandard economic theory does not capture trust among anonymous Internet traders. But when traders are allowed to have social preferences, uncertainty about a seller’s morals opens t he door for trust, reward, exploitation and reputation building. We report experiments suggesting that sellers’ intrinsic motivations to be trustworthy are not sufficient to sustain trade when not complemented by a feedback system. We demonstrate that it is the interaction of social preferences and cleverly designed reputation mechanisms that solves to a large extent the trust problem on Internet market platforms. However, economic theory and social preference models tend to underestimate the difficulties of promoting trust in anonymous online trading communities.

Manufacturing ceramic bricks with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) sludge from a water treatment plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1638-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. da Silva ◽  
D. M. Morita ◽  
A. C. M. Lima ◽  
L. Girard Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
The State ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Real World Applications

The objective of this research work is to assess the viability of manufacturing ceramic bricks with sludge from a water treatment plant (WTP) for use in real-world applications. Sludge was collected from settling tanks at the Bolonha WTP, which is located in Belém, capital of the state of Pará, Brazil. After dewatering in drainage beds, sludge was added to the clay at a local brickworks at different mass percentages (7.6, 9.0, 11.7, 13.9 and 23.5%). Laboratory tests were performed on the bricks to assess their resistance to compression, water absorption, dimensions and visual aspects. Percentages of 7.6, 9.0, 11.7 and 13.9% (w/w) of WTP sludge presented good results in terms of resistance, which indicates that technically, ceramic bricks can be produced by incorporating up to 13.9% of WTP sludge.

The Effect of Social Preferences on Sales and Operations Planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Papier ◽  
Ulrich W. Thonemann
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Operations Planning ◽  
Demand Planning ◽  
Planning Processes

Sales and operations planning processes are used to align production quantities and customer demand. Two key activities of these processes are demand planning and production planning, which are often assigned to individuals in different departments. In “The Effect of Social Preferences on Sales and Operations Planning,” Papier and Thonemann analyze the role of social preferences (altruism, inequality aversion, and competitive pressure) and monetary incentives in motivating demand planners to invest effort in forecasting that benefits the production planners. Their results indicate that social preferences can be used to incentivize demand planners to invest effort and that this effect is anticipated by production planners. The resulting more accurate demand forecasts and adapted production quantities result in higher company profit. They also provide an optimization model for optimally allocating investments to financial incentives and social preference building.

Social preference experiments in animals: Strengthening the case for human preferences

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
The Real ◽  
Testing Environments ◽  
By Products

AbstractGuala appears to take social preferences for granted in his discussion of reciprocity experiments. While he does not overtly claim that social preferences are only by-products that arise in testing environments, he does assert that whatever they are – and how they evolved – they have little value in the real world. Experiments on animals suggest that social preferences may be unique to humans, supporting the idea that they might play a prominent role in our world.

Sensitivity of Stationary Equitable Preferences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapan Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Principal Result ◽  
Fundamental Difficulty ◽  
The Future ◽  
Utility Stream ◽  
Preference Orders ◽  
Infinite Utility Streams

The paper studies the sensitivity implications of the class of monotone social preference orders on infinite utility streams which satisfy the axioms of Equity (Finite Anonymity) and Stationarity (Independent Future). The principal result of this investigation is that representability of such preference orders implies a certain lack of sensitivity to the utility stream of any finite number of generations, which we refer to as ‘insensitivity to the present’. Our result points to a fundamental difficulty in implementing the sustainability principle, which requires intertemporal social preferences to reflect fairly the interests of the generations in the present and in the future.

scholarly journals Adult-onset sporadic chorea: real-world data from a single-centre retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Bovenzi ◽  
Matteo Conti ◽  
Rocco Cerroni ◽  
Mariangela Pierantozzi ◽  
Alessandro Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Real World ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Diagnostic Workup ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
World Data

Abstract Background Adult-onset sporadic chorea includes a wide and heterogeneous group of conditions whose differential diagnosis and treatments are often challenging and extensive. Objectives To analyse retrospectively cases of adult-onset sporadic chorea from a single Italian centre to provide insights for a practical approach in the management of these patients. Methods A total of 11,071 medical charts from a 9-year period (2012–2020) were reviewed, identifying 28 patients with adult-onset sporadic chorea (genetic forms excluded). All available data regarding phenomenology, diagnostic workup, aetiology, treatments, and long-term outcome from this cohort were collected and analysed. Results Adult-onset sporadic chorea occurred more frequently in females and presented with an acute-subacute onset. Cerebrovascular diseases accounted for 68% of aetiology; further causes were structural brain lesions, internal diseases, and other movement disorder syndromes. Clinical course was mild, with spontaneous resolution or minimal disturbances in 82% of cases. Neuroimaging was fundamental to diagnose 76% of adult-onset sporadic chorea, an appropriate clinical examination contributed to the 14% of diagnoses, whereas basic laboratory tests to the 10%. Conclusions Revision of real-world data of adult-onset sporadic chorea patients from a single Italian cohort suggests that an accurate clinical examination, neuroimaging, and routine laboratory tests are useful to identify those cases underlying potentially severe but treatable conditions. Although in the majority of cases adult-onset sporadic chorea has mild clinical course and good response to symptomatic treatments, it is essential to run a fast diagnostic workup.

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