scholarly journals Evaluation of Heat Decarbonization Strategies and Their Impact on the Irish Gas Network

Gases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-198
Author(s):  
Aruna Chandrasekar ◽  
Eoin Syron
Keyword(s):  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Gas Networks ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
The Impact

Decarbonization of the heating sector is essential to meet the ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement for 2050. However, poorly insulated buildings and industrial processes with high and intermittent heating demand will still require traditional boilers that burn fuel to avoid excessive burden on electrical networks. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of residential, commercial, and industrial heat decarbonization strategies on the distribution and transmission gas networks. Using building energy models in EnergyPlus, the progressive decarbonization of gas-fueled heating was investigated by increasing insulation in buildings and increasing the efficiency of gas boilers. Industrial heat decarbonization was evaluated through a progressive move to lower-carbon fuel sources using MATLAB. The results indicated a maximum decrease of 19.9% in natural gas utilization due to the buildings’ thermal retrofits. This, coupled with a move toward the electrification of heat, will reduce volumes of gas being transported through the distribution gas network. However, the decarbonization of the industrial heat demand with hydrogen could result in up to a 380% increase in volumetric flow rate through the transmission network. A comparison between the decarbonization of domestic heating through gas and electrical heating is also carried out. The results indicated that gas networks can continue to play an essential role in the decarbonized energy systems of the future.

Evaluation of Design Characteristics for Animal Mortality Composting Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Tiago Costa ◽  
Neslihan Akdeniz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Composting Systems

HighlightsDesign characteristics for animal mortality compost cover materials were tested.Compressive stress was applied to simulate the effects of the mortalities on cover materials.The highest permeability was measured for sawdust at 25% moisture content.A linear relationship was found between the volumetric flow rate and the power required to aerate the piles.Abstract. Composting is an aerobic process that relies on natural aeration to maintain proper oxygen levels. Air-filled porosity, mechanical strength, and permeability are among the essential parameters used to optimize the process. This study’s objective was to measure the physical parameters and airflow characteristics of three commonly used cover materials at four moisture levels, which could be used in designing actively aerated swine mortality composting systems. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to measure pressure drops across the cover materials as a function of the airflow rate and the material’s moisture content. Compressive stress was applied for 48 h to simulate the impact of swine mortalities on the cover materials. The power required to aerate each material was determined as a function of volumetric flow rate and moisture content. As expected, air-filled porosity and permeability decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The highest average permeability values were measured at 25% moisture content and ranged from 66 × 10-4 to 70 × 10-4 mm2, from 161 × 10-4 to 209 × 10-4 mm2, and from 481 × 10-4 to 586 × 10-4 mm2 for woodchips, ground cornstalks, and sawdust, respectively. For the range of airflow rates tested in this study (0.0025 to 0.0050 m3 s-1 m-2), a linear relationship (R2 = 0.975) was found between the volumetric flow rate (m3 s-1) and the power required to aerate the compost pile (W per 100 kg of swine mortality). Keywords: Airflow, Darcy’s law, Livestock, Modeling, Permeability, Pressure drop.

Impact of the Finance Act 2020 on Gas Utilization Projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaase Gbakon
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Processing Facility ◽  
Financing Costs ◽  
Investor Returns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The newly passed Finance Act 2020 (FA2020) in Nigeria is reviewed especially as it relates to the oil and gas industry. The review is partly executed by modeling the specific provisions of the Act that impact gas utilization projects. The effect of the provisions on investor returns as well as the extent to which government objectives are met is ascertained – the government objectives being to prevent tax leakage via excessive financing costs, as well as encourage gas development and utilization. A qualitative assessment of the FA2020 is first conducted to examine its provisions applicable to the oil and gas sector. Furthermore, a spreadsheet Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) economic model of a gas central processing facility is built. A hypothetical $800Million (CapEx), 300mmscfd gas processing facility, which is 70% debt financed is modeled by incorporating the provisions of the FA2020. The metrics of the project (both investor and government) are then compared under the scenarios of with and without the FA2020. Key results indicate that the economic returns to investor in the gas processing facility are still largely preserved at a healthy level, even as government take improves by $102Million due to the FA2020. Specifically, without the FA2020, investor returns an IRR of 21.11% while due to the FA2020, investor IRR declines to 19.79%. Sensitivity analysis serves to illustrate one of the aims of the FA2020, which is to prevent tax loss from high cost of financing. Lengthening the tenor of loans reduces the fraction of the financing costs that is tax deductible. The modeling result shows that, ceteris paribus, for one (1) year increase in loan tenor, the amount of financing cost that is tax deductible reduces by 5%. Another important outcome is that for every $1 of government receipts preserved/enhanced by the FA, the investor NPV declines by 38cents This impact assessment of the FA2020 on gas utilization projects is conducted against the backdrop of several government pronouncements and policy positions to encourage domestic gas development. Financing plays an important role in delivering gas projects, consequently the evaluation of the impact of the FA2020 becomes imperative. This is to allow an examination of the effect of the Act on the ability to meet the strategic objective of powering the economy via gas while fulfilling Nigeria’s climate change commitments by deeper adoption of gas as a transition fuel.

Associated Gas Utilization Using a Reheat Gas Turbine – Part 1: The Impact of Engine Degradation on the Optimized Power, Energy, and Revenue From Sold Electricity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mafel Obhuo ◽  
Duabari S. Aziaka ◽  
Dodeye I. Igbong ◽  
Ibirabo M. Obhuo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Similar Sequence ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Energy Degradation ◽  
Fuel Resource ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study presents a methodology for optimizing the power from a fleet of engines that use associated gas as fuel. The effects of engine degradation on optimized power, energy, and electricity revenue have been evaluated. The Cranfield University TURBOMATCH has been used to simulate a 296MW reheat gas turbine. Four scenarios were considered — clean, optimistic, medium, and pessimistic. Genetic algorithm was used in optimizing the power generated from the fleets. In the sequence of clean, optimistic, medium, and pessimistic fleets, the optimization results show that the total optimized power values are 7324.6, 7245.1, 7164.0, and 7074.4MW respectively. In the same sequence, the total energy generated is 64.2, 63.5, 62.8, and 61.9 billion kWh. In a similar sequence still, the electricity revenue is 8.487, 8.390, 8.298, and 8.192 billion US dollars respectively. In comparison with the clean, engine degradation resulted in a 1.09%, 2.19%, and 3.42% decrease in energy for the optimistic, medium, and pessimistic degraded fleets respectively. In the same sequence as the decrease in energy, degradation resulted in a 1.15%, 2.23%, and 3.48% decrease in electricity revenue. The methodology and results presented in this paper would serve as a guide for associated gas investors in the economic utilization of this fuel resource. This is innovative; it has not been done with the Alstom GT-26 engine.

Blade coating analysis of viscous nanofluid having Cu–water nanoparticles using flexible blade coater

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marya Kanwal ◽  
Xinhua Wang ◽  
Hasan Shahzad ◽  
Yingchun Chen ◽  
Hui Chai
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Shooting Method ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Lubrication Approximation ◽  
Nanoparticle Volume Fraction ◽  
Porous Substrate ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Blade Coating

This article presents the blade coating analysis of viscous nanofluid passing over a porous substrate using a flexible blade coater. Water-based copper nanoparticles are considered to discuss the blade coating process. The lubrication approximation theory is applied to develop the flow equations. The analytical solution is obtained for velocity, volumetric flow rate, and pressure gradient, while shooting method is applied to obtain the pressure, thickness, and load. Different models for dynamic viscosity have been applied to observe the impact of related parameters on pressure, pressure gradient, and velocity. These results are presented graphically. Interesting engineering quantities such as load, deflection, and thickness are computed numerically and are shown in the tabulated form. It is found that nanoparticle volume fraction increases the pressure gradient, pressure and has minor effects on velocity. For model 1, an increase in the volume fraction reduces the coating thickness, load, and deflection, while model 2 has opposite effects on the mentioned quantities. Also, model 2 has a greater impact on pressure and pressure gradient when compared to model 1.

scholarly journals Analysis of the temperature distribution in the place of fixing the ventilated facade

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Adam Ujma ◽  
Marta Pomada
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Thermal Bridges ◽  
Ventilated Facade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Buildings ◽  
The Heat Balance ◽  
Very High

Designers more and more often choose facade systems with ventilated layers for external walls, especially in the case of new buildings. They are also used to modernize existing buildings. Mechanical connectors are a characteristic element of these constructions. Often, they are ignored in calculating the heat balance of rooms and the entire building. Because they pierce the thermal insulation layer they cause point thermal bridges. The influence of thermal point bridges, usually made of aluminum, i.e. a material with very high thermal conductivity, for heat transfer turns out to be significant. Such thermal bridges significantly increase heat losses through building partitions. This situation increases the heat demand in the rooms to compensate for the heat loss. The article presents the results of the analysis of the impact of mechanical fasteners in ventilated facade systems on heat transfer in the building envelope. The influence of various materials and constructional solutions on the thermal conditions in these walls was investigated.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ekhtiari ◽  
Damian Flynn ◽  
Eoin Syron
Keyword(s):  
Green Energy ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Network Location ◽  
Network Parameters ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
The Impact

Renewable electricity can be converted into hydrogen via electrolysis also known as power-to-H2 (P2H), which, when injected in the gas network pipelines provides a potential solution for the storage and transport of this green energy. Because of the variable renewable electricity production, the electricity end-user’s demand for “power when required”, distribution, and transmission power grid constrains the availability of renewable energy for P2H can be difficult to predict. The evaluation of any potential P2H investment while taking into account this consideration, should also examine the effects of incorporating the produced green hydrogen in the gas network. Parameters, including pipeline pressure drop, flowrate, velocity, and, most importantly, composition and calorific content, are crucial for gas network management. A simplified representation of the Irish gas transmission network is created and used as a case study to investigate the impact on gas network operation, of hydrogen generated from curtailed wind power. The variability in wind speed and gas network demands that occur over a 24 h period and with network location are all incorporated into a case study to determine how the inclusion of green hydrogen will affect gas network parameters. This work demonstrates that when using only curtailed renewable electricity during a period with excess renewable power generation, despite using multiple injection points, significant variation in gas quality can occur in the gas network. Hydrogen concentrations of up to 15.8% occur, which exceed the recommended permitted limits for the blending of hydrogen in a natural gas network. These results highlight the importance of modelling both the gas and electricity systems when investigating any potential P2H installation. It is concluded that, for gas networks that decarbonise through the inclusion of blended hydrogen, active management of gas quality is required for all but the smallest of installations.

The impact of climate change on building heat demand in different climate types

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Andrić ◽  
André Pina ◽  
Paulo Ferrão ◽  
Jérémy Fournier ◽  
Bruno Lacarrière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Building Heat ◽  
The Impact

Analysis of Equilibrium Shifting by Inter-Stage Reactant Feeding in a Series of Isothermal Reactors

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-179
Author(s):  
Florent Allain ◽  
Jean-François Portha ◽  
Laurent Falk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
Reversible Reactions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of reactant staging on conversion for one single reversible reaction in a two-stage, isothermal, continuous reactor. The analytical expression of global conversion has been derived for a series of two continuously stirred-tank reactors. Improvements in the overall conversion and yield by staging can be obtained for low Damköhler number systems leading to low conversions, when the volumetric flow rate of the staged reactant has a higher value than that of the other one. The example of triolein transesterification involving three reversible reactions in a two-stage plug flow reactor is also studied as a concrete example of a consecutive/parallel reversible reactions system. Results are obtained by using a pseudo-homogeneous model and are compared with those obtained with a heterogeneous model from a previous study.

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