Suggested Absence of Horizontal Transfer of Retrotransposons between Humans and Domestic Mammal Species

Transposable element sequences are usually vertically inherited but have also spread across taxa via horizontal transfer. Previous investigations of ancient horizontal transfer of transposons have compared consensus sequences, but this method resists detection of recent single or low copy number transfer events. The relationship between humans and domesticated animals represents an opportunity for potential horizontal transfer due to the consistent shared proximity and exposure to parasitic insects, which have been identified as plausible transfer vectors. The relatively short period of extended human–animal contact (tens of thousands of years or less) makes horizontal transfer of transposons between them unlikely. However, the availability of high-quality reference genomes allows individual element comparisons to detect low copy number events. Using pairwise all-versus-all megablast searches of the complete suite of retrotransposons of thirteen domestic animals against human, we searched a total of 27,949,823 individual TEs. Based on manual comparisons of stringently filtered BLAST search results for evidence of vertical inheritance, no plausible instances of HTT were identified. These results indicate that significant recent HTT between humans and domesticated animals has not occurred despite the close proximity, either due to the short timescale, inhospitable recipient genomes, a failure of vector activity, or other factors.

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Low Copy Number of the Salivary Amylase Gene (AMY1) Is Associated with Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation but Not Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db18-58-lb ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 58-LB

Author(s):

BARBORA DE COURTEN ◽

AYA MOUSA ◽

NEGAR NADERPOOR

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Copy Number ◽

Low Grade ◽

Amylase Gene ◽

Salivary Amylase ◽

Low Copy Number ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Counting low-copy number proteins in a single cell.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1059023.512628 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Russ Hille

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Copy Number ◽

Low Copy Number

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Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10080933 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 933

Author(s):

Marie Cibot ◽

Matthew R. McLennan ◽

Martin Kváč ◽

Bohumil Sak ◽

Caroline Asiimwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽

Ribosomal Subunit ◽

Oral Route ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Mosaic Landscape ◽

Domesticated Animals ◽

Black And White ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Animal Contact

Zoonotic pathogen transmission is considered a leading threat to the survival of non-human primates and public health in shared landscapes. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are unicellular parasites spread by the fecal-oral route by environmentally resistant stages and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife including non-human primates. Using immunoassay diagnostic kits and amplification/sequencing of the region of the triosephosphate isomerase, small ribosomal subunit rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer genes, we investigated Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and microsporidia infections, respectively, among humans, domesticated animals (livestock, poultry, and dogs), and wild nonhuman primates (eastern chimpanzees and black and white colobus monkeys) in Bulindi, Uganda, an area of remarkably high human–animal contact and spatial overlap. We analyzed 137 fecal samples and revealed the presence of G. intestinalis assemblage B in two human isolates, G. intestinalis assemblage E in one cow isolate, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II in two humans and one goat isolate. None of the chimpanzee and colobus monkey samples were positive for any of the screened parasites. Regular distribution of antiparasitic treatment in both humans and domestic animals in Bulindi could have reduced the occurrence of the screened parasites and decreased potential circulation of these pathogens among host species.

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Infection with antiretroviral-susceptible HIV in an individual adherent to pre-exposure prophylaxis: strategies for treatment initiation

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462420971125 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095646242097112

Author(s):

Jessica M Hughes ◽

Darrell HS Tan ◽

Peter Anderson ◽

Janani Bodhinayake ◽

Paul A MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Copy Number ◽

Case Reports ◽

Pharmacy Records ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Viral Copy Number ◽

Low Copy Number ◽

Viral Copy ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Tenofovir Diphosphate

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective at preventing sexual acquisition of HIV, and failures in clinical trials are largely attributable to medication nonadherence. We report here a case of infection with a fully susceptible strain of HIV in an individual adherent to PrEP as demonstrated by pharmacy records and intracellular tenofovir diphosphate levels. At diagnosis, the viral load was 90 copies/mL precluding initial genotype testing due to low copy number. While PrEP failure is rare, this case underscores the importance of regular HIV testing for patient on PrEP and prompts discussion regarding the approach to treatment following failure where an initial genotype is not yet available or not possible due to low viral load. Few other case reports of PrEP failure exist in the literature and approaches to treatment varied widely. We suggest the initial viral copy number may guide next steps and discuss the risks and benefits of stopping PrEP, escalating therapy with integrase inhibitors or boosted protease inhibitors, or switching to non-nucleoside antiretroviral treatment regimens.

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Retention of low copy number human papillomavirus DNA in cultured cutaneous and mucosal wart keratinocytes

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-75-3-505 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 505-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. T. Williams ◽

C. J. Sexton ◽

A. L. Sinclair ◽

K. J. Purdie ◽

M. S. Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Copy Number ◽

Low Copy Number ◽

Papillomavirus Dna

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Counting Low-Copy Number Proteins in a Single Cell

Science ◽

10.1126/science.1133992 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 315 (5808) ◽

pp. 81-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 283

Author(s):

B. Huang ◽

H. Wu ◽

D. Bhaya ◽

A. Grossman ◽

S. Granier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Copy Number ◽

Low Copy Number

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Differential expression of Zymomonas mobilis sucrase genes (sacB and sacC) in Escherichia coli and sucrase mutants of Zymomonas mobilis

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132004000300001 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 329-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan ◽

Paramasamy Gunasekaran

Keyword(s):

Copy Number ◽

Zymomonas Mobilis ◽

Northern Blot Analysis ◽

Shuttle Vector ◽

Transcript Levels ◽

E Coli ◽

Low Copy Number ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Sacb Gene ◽

In Cells

The sacB and sacC genes encoding levansucrase and extracellular sucrase respectively were independently subcloned in pBluescript (high copy number) and in Z. mobilis-E. coli shuttle vector, pZA22 (low copy number). The expression of these genes were compared under identical background of E. coli and Z. mobilis host. The level of sacB gene expression in E. coli was almost ten fold less than the expression of sacC gene, irrespective of the growth medium or the host strain. In Z. mobilis the expression of sacB and sacC genes was shown to be subject to carbon source dependent regulation. The transcript of sacB and sacC was three fold higher in cells grown on sucrose than in cells grown on glucose/fructose. Northern blot analysis revealed that the transcript levels of sacC was approximately 2-3 times higher than that of sacB. These results suggested that the expression of sacC gene was more pronounced than sacB.

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Equilibrium analysis of binding of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m90-058 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 336-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

William Staddon ◽

Tom Todd ◽

Randall T. Irvin

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Copy Number ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Temperature Shift ◽

Equilibrium Analysis ◽

High Copy Number ◽

Buccal Epithelial Cells ◽

Low Copy Number ◽

Receptor Interactions

The effect of growth temperature on the binding of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) was examined using an equilibrium of binding analysis. Candida albicans was cultured in M9 medium either for 12 h at 25 °C or for 9 h at 25 °C and then shifted to 37 °C for 3 h. The temperature shift did not result in germ tube formation; however, the adherence of C. albicans to BECs was altered. Shifting temperature increased the yeast's ability to bind to BECs. A Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to calculate the maximum number of available binding sites (N) and the apparent association constants of binding (Ka) for all resolvable adhesin–receptor interactions. Three classes of adhesin–receptor interactions were resolved when the yeast was cultured at 25 °C and included a low copy number site (N = 3.0 cfu/BEC; Ka = 2.11 × 10−6 mL/cfu), a medium copy number site (N = 23.6 cfu/BEC, Ka = 8.21 × 10−7 mL/cfu), and a high copy number site (N = 91.7 cfu/BEC, Ka = 3.35 × 10−8 mL/cfu). Two classes of adhesin–receptor interactions were resolved when the incubation temperature was shifted to 37 °C: a low copy number site (N = 4.5 cfu/BEC, Ka = 3.98 × 10−6 mL/cfu) and a high copy number site (N = 150.5 cfu/BEC, Ka = 8.47 × 10−8 mL/cfu). Augmented C. albicans adherence to BECs due to the elevated growth temperatures appears to result from a temperature-regulated alteration in the C. albicans adhesin that recognizes a high copy number receptor site with relatively low affinity.

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