Dissection of the Complex Transcription and Metabolism Regulation Networks Associated with Maize Resistance to Ustilago maydis

The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, forming tumors on all aerial organs, especially on reproductive organs, leading to significant reduction in yield and quality defects. Resistance to U. maydis is thought to be a quantitative trait, likely controlled by many minor gene effects. However, the genes and the underlying complex mechanisms for maize resistance to U. maydis remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome and metabolome study using a pair of maize lines with contrast resistance to U. maydis post-infection. WGCNA of transcriptome profiling reveals that defense response, photosynthesis, and cell cycle are critical processes in maize response to U. maydis, and metabolism regulation of glycolysis, amino acids, phenylpropanoid, and reactive oxygen species are closely correlated with defense response. Metabolomic analysis supported that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis was induced upon U. maydis infection, and an obviously higher content of shikimic acid, a key compound in glycolysis and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways, was detected in resistant samples. Thus, we propose that complex gene co-expression and metabolism networks related to amino acids and ROS metabolism might contribute to the resistance to corn smut.

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Biological Conversion of Shikimic Acid or Quinic Acid to Protocatechuic Acid, Gallic Acid and Aromatic Amino Acids

Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan ◽

10.1271/bbb1924.23.451 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 451-453

Author(s):

Hisao ISHIKAWA ◽

Tae OKI

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Quinic Acid ◽

Biological Conversion

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BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE PHENYLPROPANOID MOIETY OF CHLORAMPHENICOL

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m64-090 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 705-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

L. C. Vining ◽

D. W. S. Westlake

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Side Chain ◽

Streptomyces Sp ◽

Pass Through

Cultures of Streptomyces sp. 3022a were grown in the presence of C14-labelled substrates and incorporation of radioactivity into chloramphenicol measured. D-Glucose, labelled in carbons 1 or 2 or uniformly, was an efficient precursor of the p-nitrophenylserinol moiety and of the phenylpropanoid amino acids of the mycelium. The distribution of label in the ring and side-chain carbon atoms of p-nitrophenylserinol and cellular phenylalanine from experiments in which glucose-1-C14, glucose-2-C14, and glycine-2-C14 were fed provided evidence that the two phenylpropanoid systems had a common biosynthetic origin. The results were also consistent with their formation via the shikimic acid – prephenic acid route. Uniformly C14-labelled shikimic acid, though poorly utilized by this organism, was incorporated selectively into both the aromatic portion of chloramphenicol and the aromatic amino acids in the mycelium. L-Phenylalanine-U-C14, L-phenylalanine-carboxyl-C14, L-tyrosine-carboxyl-C14, DL-p-hydroxyphenylserine-2-C14, and acetate-2-C14 were poor precursors of the p-nitrophenylserinol moiety. Since phenylalanine and tyrosine were incorporated into the mycelium the biosynthetic route to the phenylpropanoid portion of chloramphenicol evidently does not pass through either of these amino acids but branches at an earlier step.

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Ruminal bioshynthesis of aromatic amino acids from arylacetic acids, glucose, shikimic acid and phenol

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19740044 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 357-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. Kristensen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Phenylacetic Acid ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽

Arylacetic Acids ◽

First Time ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

1. Ruminal metabolism of labelled phenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, glucose, shikimic acid, phenol, and serine was studied in vitro by short-term incubation with special reference to incorporation rates into aromatic amino acids.2. Earlier reports on reductive carboxylation of phenylacetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in the rumen were confirmed and the formation of tyrosine from 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was demonstrated for the first time.3. The amount of phenylalanine synthesized from phenylacetic acid was estimated to be 2 mg/1 rumen contents per 24 h, whereas the amount synthesized from glucose might be eight times as great, depending on diet.4. Shikimic acid was a poor precursor of the aromatic amino acids, presumably owing to its slow entry into rumen bacteria.5. A slow conversion of phenol into tyrosine was observed.

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Transcriptome Profiling and Physiological Studies Reveal a Major Role for Aromatic Amino Acids in Mercury Stress Tolerance in Rice Seedlings

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0095163 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e95163 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Yun-An Chen ◽

Wen-Chang Chi ◽

Ngoc Nam Trinh ◽

Li-Yao Huang ◽

Ying-Chih Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Stress Tolerance ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Rice Seedlings ◽

Mercury Stress ◽

Physiological Studies

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STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF VOLUCRISPORIN: II. METABOLISM OF SOME PHENYLPROPANOID COMPOUNDS BY VOLUCRISPORA AURANTIACA HASKINS

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o66-050 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 403-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

P. Chandra ◽

G. Read ◽

L. C. Vining

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Cinnamic Acid ◽

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽

Phenyllactic Acid ◽

Radioactive Substrate

DL-Phenyllactic acid-α-14C, DL-phenylserine-α-14C, L-phenylalanine-carboxyl-14C, and shikimic acid-U-14C were incorporated into phenylalanine and tyrosine isolated from mycelial hydrolysates of Volucrispora aurantiaca as well as into volucrisporin. DL-m-Tyrosine-carboxyl-14C was incorporated into volucrisporin but not into the aromatic amino acids. L-Tyrosine-β-14C, cinnamic acid-α-14C, and m-hydroxycinnamic acid-α-14C were metabolized by the fungus but did not serve as precursors of volucrisporin or of mycelial phenylalanine. The results are consistent with the concept of a biosynthetic pathway to volucrisporin via phenylpyruvic and m-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acids. Substantial amounts of each radioactive substrate fed to V. aurantiaca PRL 1952 were incorporated into a brown melanoid pigment.

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Free amino acid concentration in serum and trapezius muscle from male and female silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/42/2018-cjas ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 130-140

Author(s):

Iwona Łuszczewska-Sierakowska ◽

Marcin R. Tatara ◽

Maria Szpetnar ◽

Jacek Kurzepa

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Trapezius Muscle ◽

Cysteic Acid ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Metabolism Regulation ◽

Silver Fox

Serum and muscle concentrations of 29 amino acids were determined in Silver fox. Serum concentrations of proline, alanine, tyrosine and aromatic amino acids were significantly higher in males than in females (all P = 0.05). Taurine and glycine concentrations in skeletal muscles were significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.01). Muscle concentrations of cysteic acid, taurine, aspartate, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, citruline, valine, leucine, gamma-amino-butyrate, ethanoloamine, lysine and histidine were significantly higher than in serum in both sexes (P < 0.05). In females, the concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, cystathionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine and amino-adipic acid were significantly higher in muscles than in serum (P < 0.05). Tryptophan concentration was significantly higher in serum from males than in muscles (P = 0.01). The concentration of branched-chain amino acids in skeletal muscles was approximately two times higher than in serum in both groups of foxes (P ≤ 0.01). Similar differences were obtained for aromatic amino acids in females (P = 0.04). The elaborated experimental model may serve for further studies focused on amino acid metabolism regulation in Canide and other monogastric mammals, especially with the use of environmental, dietary, pharmacological and toxicological factors. The elaborated experimental model may be an attractive alternative to replace some experiments on dogs.

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The Shikimate Pathway: Biosynthesis of Phenolic Products from Shikimic Acid

Bioorganic Synthesis ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199860531.003.0009 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Gary W. Morrow

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Shikimate Pathway ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Bimolecular Reaction ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Chemotherapy Agent ◽

Acid Pathway

Like other amino acids, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are vitally important for protein synthesis in all organisms. However, while animals can synthesize tyrosine via oxidation of phenylalanine, they can synthesize neither phenylalanine itself nor tryptophan and so these essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet, usually from plant material. Though many other investigators made significant contributions in this area over the years, it was Bernhard Davis in the early 1950s whose use of mutant stains of Escherichia coli led to a full understanding of the so-called shikimic acid pathway that is used by plants and also by some microorganisms for the biosynthesis of these essential amino acids. The pathway is almost completely devoted to their synthesis for protein production in bacteria, while in plants the pathway extends their use to the construction of a wide array of secondary metabolites, many of which are valuable medicinal agents. These secondary metabolites range from simple and familiar compounds such as vanillin (vanilla flavor and fragrance) and eugenol (oil of clove, a useful dental anesthetic) to more complex structures such as pinoresinol, a common plant biochemical, and podophyllotoxin, a powerful cancer chemotherapy agent. Earlier in Chapter 3, we encountered two important intermediates, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), each of which was derived from a different pathway utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Erythrose-4-P was an intermediate in one of the steps of the pentose phosphate pathway while hydrolysis of PEP to pyruvic acid was the final step in glycolysis. These two simple intermediates provide the seven carbon atoms required for construction of shikimic acid itself. The two are linked to one another via a sequence of enzyme-mediated aldol-type reactions, the first being a bimolecular reaction and the second an intramolecular variant that ultimately leads to a cyclic precursor of shikimic acid known as 3-dehydroquinic acid as shown in Fig. 6.3. Subsequent dehydration of 3-dehydroquinic acid leads to 3-dehydroshikimic acid which then leads directly to shikimic acid via NADPH reduction.

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IAA biosynthesis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale as affected by different precursors

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b89-285 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (8) ◽

pp. 2235-2239 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

G. Gay ◽

R. Rouillon ◽

J. Bernillon ◽

J. Favre-Bonvin

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Shikimic Acid ◽

Shikimate Pathway ◽

Aromatic Amino Acids ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Symbiotic Association ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The effect of different precursors, aromatic amino acids, or intermediates of the shikimate pathway (pathway for aromatic amino acids biosynthesis), on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale was studied. This fungus did not release detectable amounts of IAA when cultivated on a medium containing no precursor or supplemented with 1 mM phenylalanine, 1 mM tyrosine or 1 mM shikimic acid. IAA accumulation in culture filtrates was low (0.5 μmol per flask) when the medium was supplemented with 1 mM anthranilic acid. The fungus released 1.6 μmol of IAA when cultivated on a medium containing 1 mM indole and 6.9 μmol in the presence of 1 mM tryptophan. These results were confirmed by studying the ability of crude enzyme extracts to convert these precursors to IAA. Specific IAA synthesizing activity was of the same order when indole or tryptophan were used as precursors. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro activity of IAA synthesizing enzymes demonstrated that a need for tryptophan concentrations higher than 0.1 mM to obtain detectable IAA synthesis is due to the low ratio of tryptophan breakdown into IAA. The inability of H. hiemale to synthesize IAA in the absence of precursors or in the presence of shikimic acid may be ascribed to a very poor endogenous tryptophan accumulation in the hyphae due to feed back inhibition of the anthranilate synthetase by tryptophan. These results indicate that precursor availability in root exudates is probably one of the main limiting factors for IAA release by ectomycorrhizal fungi under symbiotic association. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungus, Hebeloma, indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophan, indole, shikimate pathway.

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