scholarly journals The Equilibrium Concept, or…(Mis)concept in Beaches

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Enzo Pranzini ◽  
Allan T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Equilibrium Concept ◽  
Great Caution ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Unconsolidated Material ◽  
Sediment Input ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Land Water

Beaches, as deposits of unconsolidated material at the land/water interface, are open systems where input and output items constitute the sediment budget. Beach evolution depends on the difference between the input/output to the system; if positive the beach advances, if negative the beach retreats. Is it possible that this difference is zero and the beach is stable? The various processes responsible for sediment input and output in any beach system are here considered by taking examples from the literature. Results show that this can involve movement of a volume of sediments ranging from few, to over a million cubic meters per year, with figures continuously changing so that the statistical possibility for the budget being equal can be considered zero. This can be attributed to the fact that very few processes are feedback-regulated, which is the only possibility for a natural system to be in equilibrium. Usage of the term “beach equilibrium” must be reconsidered and used with great caution.

scholarly journals Recessive Transition Mechanism of Arable Land Use Based on the Perspective of Coupling Coordination of Input–Output: A Case Study of 31 Provinces in China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Yi Lou ◽  
Guanyi Yin ◽  
Yue Xin ◽  
Shuai Xie ◽  
Guanghao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Transition Mechanism ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Arable Land Use

In the rapid process of urbanization in China, arable land resources are faced with dual challenges in terms of quantity and quality. Starting with the change in the coupling coordination relationship between the input and output on arable land, this study applies an evaluation model of the degree of coupling coordination between the input and output (D_CCIO) on arable land and deeply analyzes the recessive transition mechanism and internal differences in arable land use modes in 31 provinces on mainland China. The results show that the total amount and the amount per unit area of the input and output on arable land in China have presented different spatio-temporal trends, along with the mismatched movement of the spatial barycenter. Although the D_CCIO on arable land increases slowly as a whole, 31 provinces show different recessive transition mechanisms of arable land use, which is hidden in the internal changes in the input–output structure. The results of this study highlight the different recessive transition patterns of arable land use in different provinces of China, which points to the outlook for higher technical input, optimized planting structure, and the coordination of human-land relationships.

The Application and Simulation of OFDM Technology in Power Line Communication

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 4019-4022
Author(s):  
Yi Wen Chen ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Jian Hua Hao
Keyword(s):  
Power Grid ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Power Line Communication ◽  
Common Channel ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Communication Environment ◽  
Output System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Power Line Noise

Utilizing power line to transmit information speedily and safely is very important and significant. Whereas, the communication environment and construction of power grid are complex and hostile. The paper introduces the application, common modulation technology—OFDM and noise characteristics of PLC. The paper builds an OFDM input and output system and adds the power line noise into the channel, then compares and analyzes the difference between the OFDM output signals in common channel and PLC channel.

Voice Input/Output in Perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-222
Author(s):  
Ken Funk ◽  
Ed McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Input Output ◽  
Voice Input ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Machine Communication

Lately, quite a lot of effort has been put into the development of voice input and output systems for human-machine communication. In this paper, we point out that while voice I/O is ideal for many applications, there are others for which it is ill-suited and there is a danger that fascination with the technology may well result in its misuse.

Efficiency and composition of vertebrate scavengers at the land-water interface in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Food Webs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. e00107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Schlichting ◽  
Cara N. Love ◽  
Sarah C. Webster ◽  
James C. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Water Interface ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Land Water

scholarly journals Numerical tools to estimate the flux of a gas across the air–water interface and assess the heterogeneity of its forcing functions

Ocean Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. N. C. S. Vieira ◽  
F. Martins ◽  
J. Silva ◽  
R. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Gas Flux ◽  
Ria Formosa ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Forcing Functions ◽  
Flux Model ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. A numerical tool was developed for the estimation of gas fluxes across the air–water interface. The primary objective is to use it to estimate CO2 fluxes. Nevertheless application to other gases is easily accomplished by changing the values of the parameters related to the physical properties of the gases. A user-friendly software was developed allowing to build upon a standard kernel a custom-made gas flux model with the preferred parameterizations. These include single or double layer models; several numerical schemes for the effects of wind in the air-side and water-side transfer velocities; the effects of atmospheric stability, surface roughness and turbulence from current drag with the bottom; and the effects on solubility of water temperature, salinity, air temperature and pressure. An analysis was also developed which decomposes the difference between the fluxes in a reference situation and in alternative situations into its several forcing functions. This analysis relies on the Taylor expansion of the gas flux model, requiring the numerical estimation of partial derivatives by a multivariate version of the collocation polynomial. Both the flux model and the difference decomposition analysis were tested with data taken from surveys done in the lagoon system of Ria Formosa, south Portugal, in which the CO2 fluxes were estimated using the infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) and floating chamber method, whereas the CO2 concentrations were estimated using the IRGA and degasification chamber. Observations and estimations show a remarkable fit.

scholarly journals Measuring a small nonreciprocity of the objects.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Semyonov ◽  
◽  
N.D. Malyutin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Immunity ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Impact ◽  
Impact Duration ◽  
Main Factor

In the paper the methods and features of measuring the small nonreciprocity of objects is considered. Several variants of nonreciprocity characteristics are proposed and the variant with most noise immunity is selected. A method of normalizing the chosen nonreciprocity characteristic is considered. It is shown that the exposure of nonreciprocity depends on the probing signals. It is noted that the main factor that limiting the bottom bound of the nonreciprocity measurement range is the difference of the impedances of input and output networks. If a calibration is absent and if the difference between the inductance of the input and output networks is of few tenths of nH, then at a test impact duration of about 50 ps the bottom bound of the nonreciprocity measurement range is of about 1%. The observation of nonreciprocity with a relative value of 3% has been performed experimentally.

scholarly journals Research on the public sports service efficiency and spatial-temporal evolution in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIAO LINYAN ◽  
QIAO ZIWEI ◽  
MI SIMENG ◽  
Jung Woo Jin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Super Efficiency ◽  
The Public ◽  
Output Efficiency ◽  
The Difference

<p>Taking 31 provinces as the research object, this paper constructed the input-output efficiency evaluation index system of public sports service in China. The paper evaluated the input-output efficiency level and spatial-temporal pattern of public sports services using the methods of data envelopment analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis. The results show that: (1) The average comprehensive super-efficiency value of public sports service in 2016 was higher than that in 2008, and the provinces with the comprehensive super-efficiency value greater than 1 increased, but the difference between provinces in 2016 was more obvious. (2) Compared with 2008, the efficiency distribution of public sports service in 2016 is more balanced among the three regions, the difference between the eastern region and the central region is reduced. (3) The efficiency of public sports service has different spatial correlation in the geographical spatial distribution, and this correlation shows the reverse in the two measurements.</p>

scholarly journals Socioecological resilience of typical citrus fruit agroecosystems

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
José Alejandro Cleves-Leguizamo ◽  
Hernan Salamanca-Sanjuanes ◽  
Liven Fernando Martínez-Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Organizational ◽  
The Relationship

This paper, as a tool for analysis, considered the capacity of the interaction that open systems have against the occurrence of disturbances so that they can continue to function with minimal losses of energy, called resilience, an emerging characteristic of agroecosystems. To establish a method to measure this characteristic, ten variables were evaluated, including seven cultural variables: level of schooling, land tenure type, saving capacity, social organizational identity, farm infrastructure, weed control and production system; and three ecosystem variables: water resource availability, phytosanitary management and Main Agroecological Structure (MAS) in typical citrus fruit agroecosystems. These were methodologically grouped into six recommended domains: groups of farms and citrus growers with similar ecosystem and cultural conditions that have been characterized and typified in a previous study. In each of these groups, three farm types were selected for a total of 18 production units (department of Meta, Colombia). To determine the difference between the variables, Chi-square tests were applied (using the Pearson and Fisher statistics). Network analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the variables. The resilience was not significantly correlated with level of schooling, farm infrastructure or MAS. The relationship between the resilience and cultural variables presented a high significance, whereas the ecosystem variables showed a low statistical significance.

Expertise as a Form of Knowledge: A Response to Quast

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Epistemic Standard ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Christian Quast has presented what he describes as a ‘role-functional’ account of expertise as a form of knowledge that purports to take into account prior discussions within recent analytic social epistemology and allied fields. I argue that his scrupulousness results in a confused version of the role-functional account, which I try to remedy by presenting a ‘clean’ account that clearly distinguishes such an account from what Quast calls a ‘competence-driven’ one. The key point of my account is that ‘competence’ pertains to knowledge in closed systems and ‘expertise’ in open systems. I observe that the invocation of ‘reliability’ as an epistemic standard simply serves to confuse the difference between the competence-driven and role-functional accounts.

scholarly journals Effects of Drugs and Excipients on Hydration Status

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Puga ◽  
Sara Lopez-Oliva ◽  
Carmen Trives ◽  
Teresa Partearroyo ◽  
Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit Time ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Water Elimination ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
The Difference

Despite being the most essential nutrient, water is commonly forgotten in the fields of pharmacy and nutrition. Hydration status is determined by water balance (the difference between water input and output). Hypohydration or negative water balance is affected by numerous factors, either internal (i.e., a lack of thirst sensation) or external (e.g., polypharmacy or chronic consumption of certain drugs). However, to date, research on the interaction between hydration status and drugs/excipients has been scarce. Drugs may trigger the appearance of hypohydration by means of the increase of water elimination through either diarrhea, urine or sweat; a decrease in thirst sensation or appetite; or the alteration of central thermoregulation. On the other hand, pharmaceutical excipients induce alterations in hydration status by decreasing the gastrointestinal transit time or increasing the gastrointestinal tract rate or intestinal permeability. In the present review, we evaluate studies that focus on the effects of drugs/excipients on hydration status. These studies support the aim of monitoring the hydration status in patients, mainly in those population segments with a higher risk, to avoid complications and associated pathologies, which are key axes in both pharmaceutical care and the field of nutrition.

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