scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Income Elasticity of Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure in Mauritius

Healthcare ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Jamiil Jeetoo ◽  
Vishal Chandr Jaunky
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Pseudo Panel ◽  
Income Quartile

A free universal healthcare provision exists in Mauritius. Yet the share of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure out of total household expenditure has been growing over time. This study estimates income elasticity of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure using Mauritian household data within an Engel curve framework. In the absence of longitudinal data on out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure patterns, the study proposes the application of the pseudo-panel approach using cross-sectional Household Budget Survey waves from 1996/97 to 2017. Income elasticity of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure is estimated to be 0.938, which is just below unity. This implies that out-of-pocket healthcare demand is not considered to be a luxury, but a necessity in Mauritius. In order to see the differences in income elasticities by income groups, separate regressions are estimated for each income quartile over different years. The results indicate that income elasticities of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure vary non-monotonically.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Income Mobility in Taiwan: Evidence from TS2SLS and Structural Quantile Regression

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamhon Kan ◽  
I-Hsin Li ◽  
Ruei-Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility

Abstract We estimate intergenerational income mobility in Taiwan, employing repeated cross-sectional data. We find that the father–son, father–daughter, mother–son and mother–daughter income elasticities-at-40 are around 0.18, 0.23, 0.50 and 0.54, respectively. Moreover, the mother–child income elasticity increases slightly over children’s birth year, while the father–child elasticity is stable, but we do not find any time trend in elasticities. Since mean-regression results may not be informative in fast growing economies, we estimate relative mobility via structural quantile regression models. The results indicate that parents’ income affects children’s income mainly through the propagation of children’s income shocks, rather than affecting the level directly.

scholarly journals Performance of accredited social health activists for maternal health component of their job responsibility in a rural block of Sonipat district of Haryana: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1459
Author(s):  
Parul Singhal ◽  
J. P. Majra ◽  
S. K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Universal Healthcare

Background: Accredited social health activists (ASHAs) play an inevitable role in universal healthcare provision. Improving maternal health has been essential element for achieving health for all. ASHAs and their activity are considered as the one of the key components of national health mission. This study was conducted to assess the performance of ASHAs for maternal health component of their job responsibility in rural block of juan, Sonipat district of Haryana.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all ASHAs in rural block of juan, Sonepat district of Haryana between April 2018 to March 2019. Pretested semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect the data. The activity wise as well as cumulative incentive received by the ASHAs for the previous six months was used for study purpose. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 22.Results: All the ASHAs prepared the monthly list of pregnant women. Almost all (97.9%) ASHAs registered the pregnant women up to 12 weeks and all of three antenatal check-ups within concerned trimester and 95.9% ASHAs involved in HBPNC cases. Total incentive earned by ASHAs in maternal health components was ranging from Rs. 950-12150, average incentive earned was Rs. 4982 during the period of six month.Conclusions: There is a huge variation in the incentive earned by in maternal health component by the ASHAs. Further more than half of the ASHAs have not accompanied the pregnant women to the institutional delivery.

Prevalence of Mental Disorders by Socioeconomic Status in Australia: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 089011712096865
Author(s):  
Rubayyat Hashmi ◽  
Khorshed Alam ◽  
Jeff Gow ◽  
Sonja March
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Weighted Prevalence

Purpose: To present the prevalence of 3 broad categories of mental disorder (anxiety-related, affective and other disorders) by socioeconomic status and examine the associated socioeconomic risk factors of mental disorders in Australia. Design: A population-based, cross-sectional national health survey on mental health and its risk factors across Australia. Setting: National Health Survey (NHS), 2017-2018 conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Participants: Under aged: 4,945 persons, Adult: 16,370 persons and total: 21,315 persons Measures: Patient-reported mental disorder outcomes Analysis: Weighted prevalence rates by socioeconomic status (equivalised household income, education qualifications, Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA) scores, labor force status and industry sector where the adult respondent had their main job) were estimated using cross-tabulation. Logistic regression utilizing subsamples of underage and adult age groups were analyzed to test the association between socioeconomic status and mental disorders. Results: Anxiety-related disorders were the most common type of disorders with a weighted prevalence rate of 20.04% (95% CI: 18.49-21.69) for the poorest, 13.85% (95% CI: 12.48-15.35) for the richest and 16.34% (95% CI: 15.7-17) overall. The weighted prevalence rate for mood/affective disorders were 20.19% (95% CI: 18.63-21.84) for the poorest, 9.96% (95% CI: 8.79-11.27) for the richest, and 13.57% (95% CI: 12.99-14.17) overall. Other mental disorders prevalence were for the poorest: 9.07% (95% CI: 7.91-10.39), the richest: 3.83% (95% CI: 3.14-4.66), and overall: 5.93% (95% CI: 5.53-6.36). These patterns are also reflected if all mental disorders were aggregated with the poorest: 30.97% (95% CI: 29.15-32.86), the richest: 19.59% (95% CI: 18.02-21.26), and overall: 23.93% (95% CI: 23.19-24.69). The underage logistic regression model showed significant lower odds for the middle (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.53 -1.04, p < 0.1), rich (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.5-0.99, p < 0.05) and richest (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.41-0.89, p < 0.01) income groups. Similarly, in the adult logistic model, there were significant lower odds for middle (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98, p < 0.05), rich (AOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.86, p < 0.01) and richest (AOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.91, p < 0.01) income groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of mental disorders in Australia varied significantly across socioeconomic groups. Knowledge of different mental health needs in different socioeconomic groups can assist in framing evidence-based health promotion and improve the targeting of health resource allocation strategies.

Abstract P220: Disparity In Hospital Admissions And Length Of Stay Based On Income Status For Emergency Department Hypertensive Crisis Visits: A Cross-sectional Study Using The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Srivastava ◽  
Bhargav Vemulapalli ◽  
Alexis K Okoh ◽  
John Kassotis
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Hypertensive Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
Income Quartile

Introduction: Racial, gender and lower socioeconomic status have been shown to negatively impact the delivery of care. How this impacts the management of hypertensive crisis (HC) remains unclear. Objective: Identify disparities on admission frequency and length of stay (LOS) among those presenting with HC, as a function of household income. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 2016 ED visits and supplemental Inpatient data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Median household income quartiles were established. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate odds of admission in each income quartile. A multivariable linear regression model was used to predict LOS. Results: After applying sample weighting, the total number of ED visits was 33,728 with 25442, 6906, and 1380 visits for hypertensive urgency (HU), emergency (HE) and unspecified crisis, respectively. There were 13191, 8889, 6401, 5247 visits in the (1 st ) lowest, 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th (highest) income quartiles, respectively. The median age was 61 and 58 years for HU and HE, respectively. The most common comorbidity was chronic kidney disease. Individuals with the highest income, had a lower odds of admission compared to the lowest quartile [Adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22,0.74] ( Figure 1a ). There was a significant linear association between income quartile and LOS across all HC and HE [beta coefficient: 0.411, 0.407 p value = 0.015, 0.019] ( Figure 1b ). Conclusions: In this study, patients with lower income were more likely to be admitted, while those with higher income exhibited a longer LOS. Clinicians must be made aware these disparities to ensure the equitable delivery of care.

The Income Elasticity of Gross Sports Betting Revenues in Nevada: Short-Run and Long-Run Estimates

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252110369
Author(s):  
Ege Can ◽  
Mark W. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sports Gambling ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Short Run ◽  
State Income

In May 2018, the Supreme Court overturned the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act, thereby allowing all states to offer sports betting. Prior to this, Nevada was the only state with unrestricted sports betting. Using sports betting data from Nevada, we estimate long-run and short-run income elasticities to determine the growth and volatility of sports betting as a tax base. Sports gambling grows at a similar rate as state income and is stable and insensitive to short-run shocks to income. However, the amount of money kept by casinos, and hence the state, is small compared to other traditional tax bases.

Income Elasticities for State Tax Revenues: Techniques of Estimation and Their Usefulness for Forecasting

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Berney ◽  
Bernard H. Frerichs
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
State Tax ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Revenue Estimation ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Over Time

The concept of income elasticity of tax revenues has been used in numerous studies with little concern about its theoretical foundations. Income elasticities have also been used for revenue estimation with limited concern about stability over time or about the accuracy of the forecasts. This paper explores the development of the tax elasticity measure and, using revenue data from Washington, compares year-to-year elasticity measures with those established by regression analysis. The length of the time series is varied to check on the stability of the coefficients. Finally, the elasticities are used to predict revenues for three years to check on their accuracy for revenue estimation.

Determinants of individual healthcare expenditure: A cross‐sectional analysis in rural Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Irene Nakovics ◽  
Stephan Brenner ◽  
Paul Jacob Robyn ◽  
Ludovic Deo Gracias Tapsoba ◽  
Manuela De Allegri
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Individual Healthcare

Income elasticity of overnight stays over seven decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Falk ◽  
Xiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Overnight Stays ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Specific Country

This article provides new evidence on the stability of the long-run income elasticity of tourism and travel demand by use of the recently developed smooth time-varying cointegration regression model. The estimations control for relative purchasing power parity of the source country and make use of a specific country dataset where domestic and foreign overnight stays are available over a longer period of time (Switzerland, 1934–2015). Results show that the income elasticity of foreign overnight stays peaks at approximately two in the early 1960s, drops to around one in the early 1980s and from then on remains stable until the end of the sample. Domestic income elasticity reaches its highest levels in the 1930s, then steadily falls towards one in the mid-1960s, and therefrom remains stable until 2015. Different phases in the tourism area life cycle might be a major explanatory factor for variation in income elasticities over time.

scholarly journals Willingness and ability to pay for healthcare insurance: A cross-sectional study of Seven Communities in East and West Africa (SevenCEWA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. e0000057
Author(s):  
Oladimeji Akeem Bolarinwa ◽  
Soter Ameh ◽  
Caleb Ochimana ◽  
Abayomi Olabayo Oluwasanu ◽  
Okello Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Insurance Scheme ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
East And West

Willingness and ability to pay for insurance that would cover primary healthcare services has not been evaluated consistently in different African communities. We conducted a cross-sectional community health survey and examined willingness and ability to pay in 3676 adults in seven communities in four countries: Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. We used an open-ended contingency valuation method to estimate willingness to pay and examined ability to pay indirectly by calculating the ratio of healthcare expenditure to total household income. Slightly more than three quarters (78.8%) of participants were willing to pay for a health insurance scheme, and just a little above half (54.7%) were willing to pay for all household members. Across sites, median amount willing to pay was $2 per person per month. A little above half (57.6%) of households in Nigeria were able to pay the premium. The main predictors of likelihood of being unwilling to pay for the health insurance scheme were increasing age [aOR 0.99 (95% CI 0.98, 1.00)], being female [0.68 (0.51, 0.92], single [0.32 (0.21, 0.49)], unemployment [0.54 (0.34, 0.85)], being enrolled in another health insurance scheme [0.45 (0.28, 0.74)] and spending more on healthcare [1.00 (0.99, 1.00)]. But being widow [2.31 (1.30, 4.10)] and those with primary and secondary education [2.23 (1.54, 3.22)] had increased likelihood of being willing to pay for health insurance scheme. Retired respondents [adjusted mean difference $-3.79 (-7.56, -0.02)], those with primary or secondary education [$-3.05 (-5.42, -0.68)] and those with high healthcare expenditure [$0.02 (0.00, 0.04)] predicted amount willing to pay for health insurance scheme. The willingness to pay for health insurance scheme is high among the seven communities studied in East and West Africa with socio-demography, economic and healthcare cost as main predictive factors.

scholarly journals Collaboration amongst general practitioners and gynaecologists working in primary health care in Germany: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Trusch ◽  
Christoph Heintze ◽  
Elena Petelos ◽  
Lorena Dini
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Key Competencies

Abstract Aim: This cross-sectional study is the first one to explore the collaboration of the influencing factors thereof amongst general practitioners (GPs) and gynaecologists (Gyns) working in primary care in urban and rural settings in Germany. Background: The number of women aged ≥ 50 years is predicted to increase in the next years in Germany. This coincides with the ageing of primary care specialists providing outpatient care. Whereas delegation of tasks to nurses as a form of interprofessional collaboration has been the target of recent studies, there is no data regarding collaboration amongst physicians in different specialisations working in primary care. We explored collaboration amongst GPs and Gyn regarding the healthcare provision to women aged ≥ 50 years. Methods: A quantitative postal survey was administered to GPs and Gyns in three federal states in Germany, focusing on care provision to women aged ≥ 50 years. A total of 4545 physicians, comprising 3514 GPs (67% of the total GP population) randomly selected, and all 1031 Gyns practicing in these states received the postal survey in March 2018. A single reminder was sent in April 2018 with data collection ending in June 2018. Multiple logistic regressions were performed for collaboration, adjusted by age and sex, alongside descriptive methods. Findings: The overall response rate was 31% (1389 respondents): 861 GPs (25%) and 528 Gyns (51%), with the mean respondent age being 54.4 years. Seventy-two per cent were female. Key competencies of collaboration are associated with working in rural federal states and with network participation. Physicians from rural states [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2, 1.9] and physicians in networks (OR = 3.0, CI = 2.3, 3.9) were more satisfied with collaboration. Collaboration to deliver services for women aged ≥ 50 years is more systematic amongst GPs and Gyns who are members of a network; increased networking could improve collaboration, and ultimately, outcomes too.

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