scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Autoimmune Cytopenia

Hemato ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-476
Author(s):  
Ryann Quinn ◽  
Irina Murakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Autoimmune Cytopenias ◽  
Autoimmune Cytopenia

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a variety of clinical manifestations related to viral tissue damage, as well as a virally induced immune response. Hyperstimulation of the immune system can serve as a trigger for autoimmunity. Several immune-mediated manifestations have been described in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are the most common hematologic autoimmune disorders seen in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia is a unique autoimmune hematologic cytopenia associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This paper will review the current literature on the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination with autoimmune cytopenias and the clinical course of autoimmune cytopenias in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura With Unusual Presentations – Reports of Two Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-222
Author(s):  
Tasmina Chowdhury ◽  
Abdul Basit Ibne Momen ◽  
Hironmoy Barman ◽  
Mohammad Tariqul Ahsan Khan ◽  
Kohinoor Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ◽  
Intracranial Haemorrhage ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Alveolar Haemorrhage ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Uncommon Disease

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune mediated bleeding disorder, usually has a relatively benign clinical course. Deep seated bleeding like intracranial haemorrhage or haemoperitonium or massive haemorrhage requiring transfusion or other intervention are rare in ITP, unless platelet count are extremely low or other complicating conditions coexist. Here are two case reports of ITP presenting in uncommon and devastating manners. The 1st  one is of a 21- yearold married nulliparaous lady with ITP complicating her undiagnosed ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome leading to haemoperitonium (ruptured ovarian cyst), post operative alveolar haemorrhage resulting in ARDS and later on DVT of right leg on her 9th  POD. She was managed by multi discipline team. A new consequence of her disease one after another was striking and made her management more challenging. Ultimately the lady recovered and was discharged with advice which was not less than a miracle. The 2nd  case is of a 50- year- old elderly lady who had a hemorrhagic stroke as a presenting feature of ITP. Though ITP is not an uncommon disease but in these cases its presentation, consequences and severity was unusual and making its management very much challenging. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(4): 218-222  

scholarly journals Metastatic Breast Cancer with Extensive Osseous Metastasis Presenting with Symptomatic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Anemia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Niu ◽  
Teresa Goldin ◽  
Maurie Markman ◽  
Madappa N. Kundranda
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Immune Mediated

Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a rare acquired bleeding disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000 people in the general population. The association of ITP with breast cancer is an even rarer entity with very limited reports in the English literature. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 51-year-old female with no significant past medical history who presented with sudden onset of malaise, syncope, gingival bleed and epistaxis. She was found to have severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count 6,000/μl) and anemia (hemoglobin 7.2 g/dl). Her workup led to the diagnosis of metastatic ductal breast cancer with extensive bone metastasis. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated myelophthisis which was initially thought to be consistent with her presentation of thrombocytopenia and anemia. Therefore, the patient was started on hormonal therapy for the treatment of her metastatic breast cancer. After 3 months of therapy, she did not improve and developed severe mucosal bleeding. Her clinical presentation was suspicious for ITP and immune-mediated anemia, and hence she was started on steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. The patient had a dramatic response to therapy with normalization of her platelet count and hemoglobin within 2 weeks. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of metastatic breast cancer presenting with symptomatic ITP and anemia, and both symptoms are postulated to be immune-mediated.

scholarly journals Papain-Like Proteases as Coronaviral Drug Targets: Current Inhibitors, Opportunities, and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia I. Petushkova ◽  
Andrey A. Zamyatnin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Frequent Mutations ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Viral Reproduction

Papain-like proteases (PLpro) of coronaviruses (CoVs) support viral reproduction and suppress the immune response of the host, which makes CoV PLpro perspective pharmaceutical targets. Their inhibition could both prevent viral replication and boost the immune system of the host, leading to the speedy recovery of the patient. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third CoV outbreak in the last 20 years. Frequent mutations of the viral genome likely lead to the emergence of more CoVs. Inhibitors for CoV PLpro can be broad-spectrum and can diminish present and prevent future CoV outbreaks as PLpro from different CoVs have conservative structures. Several inhibitors have been developed to withstand SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). This review summarizes the structural features of CoV PLpro, the inhibitors that have been identified over the last 20 years, and the compounds that have the potential to become novel effective therapeutics against CoVs in the near future.

Severe haematological complications during treatment with natalizumab

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1644-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Midaglia ◽  
M Rodriguez Ruiz ◽  
D Muñoz-García
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immunosuppressant Treatment

The safety profile of natalizumab has been widely discussed due to several cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, reported worldwide. Since the launch of natalizumab, 32 patients have been treated at our centre. In this context, we describe two cases (6.25%), one of immune-mediated acute haemolytic anaemia (IAHA) and another of immune thrombocytopenic purpura during treatment with natalizumab. The temporal relationship between drug administration and the nature of the haematological complications, confirmed with the serological findings in the case of the IAHA, suggests that natalizumab is the most probable cause for these adverse events. Although very uncommon, the haematological complications are severe enough to justify a close and careful monitoring for all patients with multiple sclerosis treated with an immunosuppressant treatment.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from the Perspective of the Damage-Response Framework

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liise-anne Pirofski ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Damage Response

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents the medical community with a significant challenge. COVID-19 is an entirely new disease with disparate clinical manifestations that are difficult to reconcile with a single pathogenic principle. Here, we explain how the flexible paradigm of the “damage-response framework” (DRF) of microbial pathogenesis can organize the varied manifestations of COVID-19 into a synthesis that accounts for differences in susceptibility of vulnerable populations as well as for differing manifestations of COVID-19 disease. By focusing on mechanisms of host damage, particularly immune-mediated damage, the DRF provides a lens to understand COVID-19 pathogenesis and to consider how potential therapies could alter the outcome of this disease.

scholarly journals Occurrence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with essential thrombocythemia: How the immune system can overcome a neoplastic clone

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2132-2134
Author(s):  
Antonio Carruale ◽  
Francesco Longu ◽  
Francesca Mura ◽  
Giovanni Caocci ◽  
Giorgio La Nasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Essential Thrombocythemia ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura

scholarly journals Genetic Susceptibility to Chagas Disease: An Overview about the Infection and about the Association between Disease and the Immune Response Genes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Maria Ayo ◽  
Márcia Machado de Oliveira Dalalio ◽  
Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer ◽  
Pâmela Guimarães Reis ◽  
Emília Ângela Sippert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Genetic Factors

Chagas disease, which is caused by the flagellate parasiteTrypanosoma cruzi, affects 8–10 million people in Latin America. The disease is endemic and is characterised by acute and chronic phases that develop in the indeterminate, cardiac, and/or gastrointestinal forms. The immune response during humanT. cruziinfection is not completely understood, despite its role in driving the development of distinct clinical manifestations of chronic infection. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the innate and specific immune response are being widely studied in order to clarify their possible role in the occurrence or severity of disease. Here we review the role of classic and nonclassic MHC,KIR, and cytokine host genetic factors on the infection byT. cruziand the clinical course of Chagas disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19, and long covid: Saga of erratic immune response, waning immunity, and immune system failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 077-086
Author(s):  
Nikhra Vinod
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
System Failure ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Adaptive Mutations

Introduction - evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants: With the unrestrained pandemic for over last one-and-half year, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have adapted to its habitat, the human host, through mutations that facilitate its replication and transmission. The G variant incorporating D614G mutation, potently more transmissible than the ancestral virus arose during January 2020 and spread widely. Since then, various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) with higher infectivity or virulence or both, have evolved on the background of G variant, and spread widely. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunodynamics: As the virus becomes more transmissible, its lethality may drop. Apart from the humoral immunity, T-cell recognition from a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may modify the disease transmission correlates and its clinical manifestations. On the other hand, the immunity generated may reduce probability of re-infection as well as limit evolution of adaptive mutations, and emergence of highly infectious and immune-escape variants. There are complex issues related to the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics and host’s immunodynamics. Trending etiopathoimmunological correlates: The evolution potential of SARS-CoV-2 is limited because of proofreading function of nsp14. The S protein mutations affect transmissibility, virulence, and vaccine efficacy. The D614G mutation in G variant with higher infectivity has turned the Chinese epidemic into a pandemic. Other SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta seem to have evolved as result of adaptation to selective pressures during periods of prolonged infections and subsequent transmission. Further, there is issue of convergent association of mutations. Basics of immunity and immune system failure: The nature of the immune response after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection is variable and diverse. There are pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and sensitized T cells elicited during previous infection with seasonal CoVs influencing the disease susceptibility and course. The virus has evolved adaptive mechanisms to reduce its exposure to IFN-I and there are issues related to erratic and overactive immune response. The altered neutralizing epitopes in the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 variants modify the immune landscapes and clinical manifestations. Conclusion: current scenarios and prospects: Presently, the SARS-CoV-2 infection is widespread with multiple evolving infectious variants. There is probability of its transition from epidemic to endemic phase in due course manifesting as a mild disease especially in the younger population. Conversely, the pandemic may continue with enhanced disease severity due to evolving variants, expanded infection pool, and changing immunity landscape. There is need to plan for the transition and continued circulation of the virus during the endemic phase or continuing pandemic for indefinite period.

scholarly journals Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hossein Ansariniya ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽  
Erfan Zaker ◽  
Fateme Zare
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

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