Genome Wide Analysis of GH Gene Family Reveals Vvgh9 Positively Regulates Sugar Accumulation under Low Sugar Content in Grape

Sugar content directly affects grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry quality and the resulting wine. Therefore, it is of great importance to study and explore novel genes that affect sugar accumulation in grapes. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are key enzymes hydrolyzing polysaccharides into monosaccharides and play important roles in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the impact of GHs on the regulation of sugar accumulation in plants has rarely been investigated. In this study, we identified 11 putative GH genes in grapevines by phylogeny analysis. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that the expression level of VvGH9 was higher during the fruit set stage, which had lower sugar content than the véraison and ripe stages. Treatment of grape berries with exogenous sugar two weeks before véraison revealed that VvGH9 was rapidly induced by sucrose, fructose, and glucose. When ‘41B’ calli was treated with different concentrations of glucose, VvGH9 expression increased at first and then decreased with the increase of glucose concentration. Overexpression of VvGH9 in grape calli and tomatoes also confirmed that this gene could contribute to sugar accumulation. All the above results demonstrated that VvGH9 promotes sugar accumulation under low sugar content in plants.

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Heat stress affects flowering, berry growth, sugar accumulation and photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines grown in a controlled environment

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp09209 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 206 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Dennis H. Greer ◽

Chris Weston

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Controlled Environments ◽

The Impact

High temperatures during the growing season characterise many grape growing regions in Australia and elsewhere in the world, and impact on many processes including growth and berry development. To quantify the impact of heat on the Vitis vinifera L. cv. Semillon, potted vines were grown in controlled environments and exposed to a temperature regime of 40/25°C at flowering, fruit set, veraison and mid-ripening stages. Vegetative and reproductive development was measured throughout and leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance tracked during heat exposures. Accumulation of soluble solids was determined during ripening. Leaf growth and stem extension were unaffected by heat whereas flowers completely abscised. Berries treated at fruit set developed normally and those treated at veraison and mid-ripening stopped expanding and sugar content stopped increasing. Photosynthesis was also affected on each occasion, with rates declining by 35% and taking 12 days to recover. Up to 10 mg carbon g (berry dry weight)–1 day–1 was required for ripening after veraison. For vines heat treated at veraison and mid-ripening, net carbon acquisition rates fell to below 4 mg carbon g (leaf dry weight)–1 day–1, which is inadequate to supply berry carbon requirements. This suggests that the impacts of heat on the ripening process can be traced back to the supply of carbon.

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Seasonal differences in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir fruit and wine quality in relation to climate

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magali Blank ◽

Marco Hofmann ◽

Manfred Stoll

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Micro Scale ◽

The Impact

Aims: A better understanding of the relationship between weather conditions and wine quality would provide tools for assessing the impact of climate change and the potential for adaptation. Most studies rely on assessing wine quality by the price per bottle or by an overall ranking and then establishing general relations to weather conditions. However, such an approach may imply the addition of bias by variable winemaking techniques overcoming vintage effects. The aim of our study was therefore to implement a controlled conditions approach using grape samples from a single vineyard and a standardized micro-scale winemaking technique to produce wines in similar conditions for each vintage over more than a decade. We hope that this data will allow new insights into responses to climatic differences.Methods and results: From 2005 to 2015, data was collected from a vineyard of Hochschule Geisenheim University planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir grafted on rootstock SO4 in four field replicates. Weather conditions were recorded together with the major phenological stages, yield, infection of the bunches by Botrytis cinerea bunch rot, and pruning weight. Key primary juice compounds were analyzed and berry phenolics in skins and seeds were determined before harvest. Micro-scale winemaking was developed to produce wines in standardized conditions. The repeatability of the method to assess the extraction of anthocyanins and tannins was shown to be 2–10% and 8–12%, respectively, depending on grape maturity stage. Sugar accumulation was coupled to warmer conditions during the maturation period, and high temperatures after véraison decreased the concentration of malic acid in the juice. The accumulation of primary amino acids (N-OPA) in the juices seemed positively related to warmer conditions between bud break and flowering. Increased temperature, especially before véraison, accompanied by a lack of precipitation was related to an accumulation of tannins in fruit and wine, with a higher accumulation in skins than seeds. The temperature-sensitive anthocyanin accumulation in grapes was coupled to warmer conditions after véraison. These differences in anthocyanin concentration could also be observed in the wine.Conclusions: High-quality vintages were linked to warmer than normal growing seasons and below normal precipitation.Significance and impact of the study: The use of a micro-scale winemaking technique represents an innovative tool to provide detailed information in a controlled and reproducible way. A better understanding of the interaction between weather conditions and berry/wine compounds will help with developing improved winemaking techniques and better adapting to future impacts of climate change.

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Anti-Transpirant Effects on Vine Physiology, Berry and Wine Composition of cv. Aglianico (Vitis vinifera L.) Grown in South Italy

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9050244 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 244 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Claudio Di Vaio ◽

Nadia Marallo ◽

Rosario Di Lorenzo ◽

Antonino Pisciotta

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

South Italy ◽

Production Models ◽

Lower Alcohol ◽

Wine Composition ◽

Vapor Gard

In viticulture, global warming requires reconsideration of current production models. At the base of this need there are some emerging phenomena: modification of phenological phases; acceleration of the maturation process of grapes, with significant increases in the concentration of sugar musts; decoupling between technological grape maturity and phenolic maturity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a natural anti-transpirant on grapevine physiology, berry, and wine composition of Aglianico cultivar. For two years, Aglianico vines were treated at veraison with the anti-transpirant Vapor Gard and compared with a control sprayed with only water. A bunch thinning was also applied to both treatments. The effectiveness of Vapor Gard were assessed through measurements of net photosynthesis and transpiration and analyzing the vegetative, productive and qualitative parameters. The results demonstrate that the application of anti-transpirant reduced assimilation and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, berry sugar accumulation, and wine alcohol content. No significant differences between treatments were observed for other berry and wine compositional parameters. This method may be a useful tool to reduce berry sugar content and to produce wines with a lower alcohol content.

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Research on Phenotyping and Eno-Carpological Traits of Twenty-Three New Romanian Table Grape Varieties (Vitis Vinifera L.)

“Agriculture for Life Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings ◽

10.2478/alife-2018-0040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 268-275

Author(s):

Georgeta Mihaela Bucur ◽

Liviu Dejeu

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Absolute Minimum ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Berry Weight ◽

Acid Ratio ◽

Grape Yield

Abstract Twenty-three new Romanian table grapes varieties were analysed for their phenological behaviour, quantitative characteristics (bunch weight, berry weight, their length and width, grape yield), sugar accumulation, titratable acidity, and ºBrix / acid ratio during three consecutive years (2015-2017). The higher temperatures recorded during the study period determined an advance in the development of the main phenophases, especially the grapes’ harvest maturity. Absolute minimum temperatures during winter, damaging the vine, have significantly affected grape yield. As a consequence of earlier phenology and lower yields due to frost damage, harvest was advanced between 2 and 4 weeks than the average. The results obtained in this study favoured five remarkable genotypes for their very good quality of grape (‘Victoria’, ‘Tamina’, ‘Xenia’, ‘Napoca’ and ‘Augusta’). These varieties are distinguished by the highest values for bunch and berry weight (between 300-500 g and 5.5-8.4 g, respectively), berries’ size uniformity, the sugar content between 15.45-21.53 ºBrix and balanced ºBrix / acid ratio. Lately, the high temperatures during the grape maturation period have led to increased accumulations of sugar in berries, to reduced acidity, which affects the sugar-acidity balance; a more careful choice of grape harvest time is needed.

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The effect of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine gas exchange and fruit development of Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp02188 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 711 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Paul R. Petrie ◽

Michael C. T. Trought ◽

G. Stanley Howell ◽

Graeme D. Buchan

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Management Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Canopy Height ◽

Lag Phase ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Leaf Removal ◽

Single Leaf ◽

The Impact

Canopy topping and leaf removal are management practices commonly used in New Zealand vineyards to increase light and pesticide penetration to the fruit zone, thus, reducing disease incidence. Previous research has suggested that an increase in photosynthesis occurs when leaves are removed, and this may compensate for the reduced leaf area. However, it is difficult to extrapolate single-leaf photosynthesis measurements to a whole-plant scale. Therefore the extent of the compensation is unknown. To evaluate the impact of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine photosynthesis, treatments were imposed during the lag phase of berry growth. Leaves were removed from the lower quarter of the canopy, or vines were topped to three quarters of the height of control plants, in a two-by-two-factorial design. Both topping and leaf removal caused a decrease in whole-vine photosynthesis immediately after the treatments were imposed. Leaf removal, but not topping height, reduced photosynthesis on a per unit leaf area basis. This suggests that the lower portion of the canopy contributes more than the upper portion of the canopy to whole-vine photosynthesis. When measurements were made again approximately two months later, tall vines without leaf removal had a higher photosynthesis rate than the other treatments. Fruit yield, sugar content, vine carbohydrate reserves and pruning weights followed trends similar to those observed for photosynthesis, suggesting that although some photosynthetic compensation occurred, the defoliation treatments had a negative effect on vine growth.

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Application of Anti-Transpirant to Control Sugar Accumulation in Grape Berries and Alcohol Degree in Wines Obtained from Thinned and Unthinned Vines of cv. Falanghina (Vitis vinifera L.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030345 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 345 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claudio Di Vaio ◽

Clizia Villano ◽

Maria Tiziana Lisanti ◽

Nadia Marallo ◽

Aurora Cirillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Sensory Profile ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Net Photosynthesis Rate ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Sensory Profiles ◽

Vapor Gard

In the last few decades, the accumulation of sugar in grape berries and hence the alcohol degree of wines has been affected by increasing global temperatures. In order to limit plant photosynthetic activity, it is possible to apply anti-transpirant on field, reducing sugar accumulation in berries. In this contest, our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of a di-1-p-menthene-based natural anti-transpirant (Vapor Gard®, VG) on Falanghina vines during 2013 and 2014. Plants were treated at veraison stage with VG and compared with water-sprayed ones for control. The experimental design included also bunch thinned (BT) plants treated with VG or water. The effect of VG and/or BT on grapes was evaluated through physiological measurements on vines and chemical analyses on berries and wines. Moreover, wine sensory profiles were produced. The results we obtained show that by applying anti-transpirant it is possible to induce a significant reduction of net photosynthesis rate (25%–40%) and stomatal conductance (40%–60%) on leaves, a lower sugar accumulation in berries (2 °Brix) and a consequent reduction of alcohol in the obtained wine (0.9%–1.6% vol.). These results suggest that anti-transpirant sprays could be a useful tool in reducing cost of yield manipulation, improving ripeness and reducing wine alcohol, without affecting the wine sensory profile.

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High Temperature and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Modify Berry Composition of Different Clones of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Tempranillo

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.603687 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marta Arrizabalaga-Arriazu ◽

Eric Gomès ◽

Fermín Morales ◽

Juan José Irigoyen ◽

Inmaculada Pascual ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Related Factors ◽

Wine Production ◽

The Impact

Tempranillo is a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety extensively used for world wine production which is expected to be affected by environmental parameters modified by ongoing global climate changes, i.e., increases in average air temperature and rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. Apart from determining their effects on grape development and biochemical characteristics, this paper considers the intravarietal diversity of the cultivar Tempranillo as a tool to develop future adaptive strategies to face the impact of climate change on grapevine. Fruit-bearing cuttings of five clones (RJ43, CL306, T3, VN31, and 1084) were grown in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGGs), from fruit set to maturity, under two temperature regimes (ambient temperature vs. ambient temperature plus 4°C) and two CO2 levels (ambient, ca. 400 ppm, vs. elevated, 700 ppm). Treatments were applied separately or in combination. The analyses carried out included berry phenological development, the evolution in the concentration of must compounds (organic acids, sugars, and amino acids), and total skin anthocyanins. Elevated temperature hastened berry ripening, sugar accumulation, and malic acid breakdown, especially when combined with high CO2. Climate change conditions reduced the amino acid content 2 weeks after mid-veraison and seemed to delay amino acidic maturity. Elevated CO2 reduced the decoupling effect of temperature on the anthocyanin to sugar ratio. The impact of these factors, taken individually or combined, was dependent on the clone analyzed, thus indicating certain intravarietal variability in the response of Tempranillo to these climate change-related factors.

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Unravelling the geometry of data matrices: effects of water stress regimes on winemaking

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2015.0753 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (111) ◽

pp. 20150753 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hsieh Fushing ◽

Chih-Hsin Hsueh ◽

Constantin Heitkamp ◽

Mark A. Matthews ◽

Patrice Koehl

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Statistical Physics ◽

Metric Spaces ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Geometric Approach ◽

Original Data ◽

New Method ◽

Data Matrix ◽

Grape Berries ◽

The Impact

A new method is proposed for unravelling the patterns between a set of experiments and the features that characterize those experiments. The aims are to extract these patterns in the form of a coupling between the rows and columns of the corresponding data matrix and to use this geometry as a support for model testing. These aims are reached through two key steps, namely application of an iterative geometric approach to couple the metric spaces associated with the rows and columns, and use of statistical physics to generate matrices that mimic the original data while maintaining their inherent structure, thereby providing the basis for hypothesis testing and statistical inference. The power of this new method is illustrated on the study of the impact of water stress conditions on the attributes of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapes, Juice, Wine and Bottled Wine from two vintages. The first step, named data mechanics, de-convolutes the intrinsic effects of grape berries and wine attributes due to the experimental irrigation conditions from the extrinsic effects of the environment. The second step provides an analysis of the associations of some attributes of the bottled wine with characteristics of either the matured grape berries or the resulting juice, thereby identifying statistically significant associations between the juice pH, yeast assimilable nitrogen, and sugar content and the bottled wine alcohol level.

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Impact of Application of Abscisic Acid, Benzothiadiazole and Chitosan on Berry Quality Characteristics and Plant Associated Microbial Communities of Vitis vinifera L var. Mouhtaro Plants

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13115802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 5802

Author(s):

Dimitrios-Evangelos Miliordos ◽

Myrto Tsiknia ◽

Nikolaos Kontoudakis ◽

Maria Dimopoulou ◽

Costas Bouyioukos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Phenolic Profile ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Grape Quality ◽

Berry Quality ◽

Spoilage Fungi

The phenolic profile of the grape berries is a key quality factor for the red grapevine varieties and several techniques have been applied to improve it. An innovative technique is the application of resistance elicitors and phytohormones. In the present study, leaves and berries of a Greek red indigenous variety (Mouhtaro) sprayed with two elicitors, benzothiadiazole and chitosan and a plant hormone abscisic acid, during veraison. Physicochemical and phenolic characteristics of the berries and microbial communities of rhizosphere, phyllosphere and carposphere were analyzed at harvest. Differences in the microbial communities on different plant compartments were observed after the application of the plant activators. Chitosan treatment increased the abundance of the beneficial lactic acid bacteria, while the abscisic acid treatment decreased the presence of spoilage fungi on the carposphere. Treatments differentiate total phenolics, anthocyanins and in the chemical characteristics of grape must with chitosan treated grapes had increased anthocyanins and skin-derived phenolics that correlated positively with the microbial taxa that was discriminant by LefSe analysis. This research provides an overview of the effect of plant activators on the microbial ecology and grape quality of the Greek variety Mouhtaro and presents the potential of new and innovative approaches in the field of sustainable viticulture.

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Genome-wide Association Study of Individual Sugar Content and Sugar Conversion in Fruit of Japanese Pear (Pyrus spp.)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-170038/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sogo Nishio ◽

Takeshi Hayashi ◽

Kenta Shirasawa ◽

Toshihiro Saito ◽

Shingo Terakami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Fruit Traits ◽

Chromosome 11 ◽

Breeding Populations ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Sugar Conversion

Abstract Background: Sweetness is one of the most important traits determining fruit quality. Sweetness is controlled not only by the total sugar content but also by the contents of individual sugars. The major sugars in mature Rosaceae fruits are sucrose, fructose, glucose, and sorbitol, which have different levels of sweetness. Among these, sucrose and fructose have high sweetness, whereas glucose and sorbitol have low sweetness. The objective of this study was to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit traits including individual sugar accumulation and conversion, to infer the candidate genes underlying the QTLs, and to assess the potential of genomic selection for breeding pear fruit traits.Results: We evaluated 10 fruit traits and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 106 cultivars and 17 breeding populations (1112 F1 individuals) using 3484 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped by double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-Seq). By implementing a mixed linear model and a Bayesian multiple-QTL model in GWAS, 56 SNPs associated with fruit traits were identified. Four loci were presumed to be associated with sugar conversion because the SNPs were significant for more than one individual sugar and the individual sugar contents associated with each SNP genotype were negatively correlated. In particular, a SNP located close to acid invertase gene PPAIV3 on chromosome 7 and a newly identified SNP on chromosome 11 had quite large effects on sugar conversion. We used ‘Golden Delicious’ doubled haploid (GDDH) 13, an apple reference genome to infer the candidate genes for the identified SNPs. In the region flanking the SNP on chromosome 11, there is a tandem repeat of early responsive to dehydration (ERD6)-like sugar transporter genes which might play a role in the phenotypes observed.Conclusions: SNPs associated with sugar accumulation and conversion were newly identified at several loci, and candidate genes underlying QTLs were inferred using advanced apple genome information. Several QTLs showed clear effects with more than 10% of phenotypic variance explained by those SNPs in the breeding populations. By combining the effects of multiple QTLs, breeders would be able to select seedlings that will later bear fruit with high sucrose and fructose content.

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