scholarly journals Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Maria de Araújo ◽  
Johannes Siegrist ◽  
Arlinda B. Moreno ◽  
Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca ◽  
Sandhi M. Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
Depressive Episodes

A growing burden of mental illness, and in particular depression, among workers is a concern of occupational public health. Scientific evidence has revealed consistent associations of work-related stress, as measured by theoretical models, with depression, but mostly so in developed countries. This contribution explores these associations in a developing Latin American country, Brazil, by applying an internationally established work stress model, the effort-reward imbalance (ERI). This model focuses on the work contract where unjust exchange between high efforts spent and low rewards received in turn contributes to stress-related disorders. The model’s extrinsic (‘effort’, ‘reward’) and intrinsic components (‘over-commitment’), as well as their combination, are hypothesized to be related to a higher risk of depressive episodes (DE). Using cross-sectional data from the ELSA-Brasil study, including 10,034 workers from the public sector, we observed increased prevalence ratio (PR) of DE according to ERI scales. The quartiles of highest ‘effort’ (PR = 1.85; 1.44–2.37), highest ‘over-commitment’ (PR = 3.62; 2.80–4.70) and lowest ‘reward’ (PR = 3.44; 2.55–4.64) were associated with DE, on adjusted models, as well was the E–R ratio (PR = 2.47; 1.92–3.17). An additive interaction was identified between the E–R ratio and ‘over-commitment’. The results support the use of ERI as a screening tool for work stress in the Brazilian context and will offer guidance for worksite health promotion programs.

scholarly journals Effort–reward imbalance at work, over-commitment personality and diet quality in Central and Eastern European populations

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1254-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Wei Chen ◽  
Anne Peasey ◽  
Denes Stefler ◽  
Sofia Malyutina ◽  
Andrzej Pajak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Stress ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dietary Guideline ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Reward Imbalance

AbstractThe aims of this study were to investigate the associations between work stress defined by the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model and diet quality and to examine the potential role of over-commitment (OC) personality in ERI–diet relationships. A cross-sectional study was conducted in random population samples of 6340 men and 5792 women (age 45–69 years) from the Czech Republic, Russia and Poland. Dietary data were collected using FFQ. The healthy diet indicator (HDI) was constructed using eight nutrient/food intakes (HDI components) to reflect the adherence to WHO dietary guideline. The extent of imbalance between effort and reward was measured by the effort:reward (ER) ratio; the effort score was the numerator and the reward score was multiplied by a factor adjusting for unequal number of items in the denominator. Logistic regression and linear regression were used to assess the associations between exposures (ER ratio and OC) and outcomes (HDI components and HDI) after adjustment for confounders and mediators. The results showed that high ER ratio and high OC were significantly associated with unhealthy diet quality. For a 1-sd increase in the ER ratio, HDI was reduced by 0·030 and 0·033 sd in men and women, and for a 1-sd increase in OC, HDI was decreased by 0·036 and 0·032 sd in men and women, respectively. The modifying role of OC in ERI–diet relationships was non-significant. To improve diet quality at workplace, a multiple-level approach combining organisational intervention for work stress and individual intervention for vulnerable personality is recommended.

scholarly journals Work stress on rise? Comparative analysis of trends in work stressors using the European working conditions survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rigó ◽  
N. Dragano ◽  
M. Wahrendorf ◽  
J. Siegrist ◽  
T. Lunau
Keyword(s):  
Work Stress ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Work Stressors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
European Working ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
European Working Conditions Survey ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
Stress At Work

Abstract Objective The rapid transformation of labor markets has been accompanied by the belief of rising stress at work. However, empirical evidence on such trends based on reliable survey data is scarce. This study analyzes long-term trends in well-established measures of work stressors across Europe, as well as potential occupational differences. Methods We use repeated cross-sectional data of 15 European countries from waves 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 of the European Working Conditions Surveys. We apply three-way multilevel regressions (with employees nested in country-years, which are in turn nested in countries) to analyze trends in work stressors measured according to the demand-control and effort-reward imbalance models. Trends by occupational groups are also assessed. Results Our findings suggest that work stress generally increased from 1995 to 2015, and that the increase was mostly driven by psychological demands. People working in lower-skilled occupations had generally higher levels of job strain and effort-reward imbalance, as well as they tend to have a steeper increase in job strain than people working in higher-skilled occupations. Most of the change occurred from 1995 to 2005. Conclusion Our results indicate that work stress has been on rise since 1995, specifically for people working in disadvantageous occupations. This directs the attention to the vulnerable position of the least skilled and also to the use of preventive measures to counteract some of the disadvantages experienced by this occupational group.

scholarly journals Effort-reward Imbalance at Work and Oral Diseases: a Cross-sectional Study in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Sato ◽  
Eiji Yoshioka ◽  
Masanori Takekawa ◽  
Yasuaki Saijo
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Psychological stress is a potential risk factor for oral diseases. However, evidence for association between work stress and oral diseases is lacking. We aimed to examine the associations of work stress, according to the effort-reward imbalance model, with dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. This cross-sectional study included 619 regular employees. Work stress was assessed using the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) ratio. Dental caries and tooth loss were assessed according to the number of decayed and filled teeth (DFT) and missing teeth (MT) among set of 28 teeth. Severe periodontitis was assessed using a questionnaire. The mean ERI ratio (with standard deviations) was 1.12 (0.47). In the pooled analysis, a one-unit increase in the ERI ratio was associated with -0.90 (95% CI = -1.67, -0.12) changes in the mean DFT and -0.20 (95% CI =-0.45, 0.06) changes in the mean MT from adjusted linear regression models. A one-unit increase in the ERI ratio was also associated with 1.66 (95% CI = 1.10, 2.52) of the risk for severe periodontitis based on Poisson regression models. ERI at work was associated with a low number of dental caries and tooth loss, and an increased risk of severe periodontitis.

Examining Effort–Reward Imbalance and Depressive Symptoms Among Turkish University Workers

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aşkın Keser ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Johannes Siegrist
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance

The body of research pertaining to work-related stress and health among Turkish workers is sparse. It was the aim of this study to test the feasibility of two work stress scales of the Turkish short version of the Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI-SV) questionnaire among staff and faculty in an academic university setting. We also assessed and examined if work stress was associated with depressive symptoms, using Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. The two ERI-SV scales and the CES-D scale were distributed to 170 study subjects employed at a southern university in Turkey, in which 67% ( n = 114/170) responded. We examined Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the internal consistency of the two main work stress scales of the ERI-SV, and scale structural validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. Logistic regression was performed to test the hypothesis of associations of work stress with depressive symptoms. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were .75 and .76 for the scales “Effort” and “Reward,” respectively. Two separate factors were extracted according to the theoretical assumption of the ERI model. Associations between ERI and depressive symptoms were significant (odds ratio [OR] = 3.80 for Effort–Reward [E-R] ratio with an increase per SD, and 7.39 for the high work stress group as defined by an E-R ratio > 1.0). This study provides evidence of the feasibility of the short version of the Turkish ERI questionnaire by pointing to a strong association of stressful work with depressive symptoms in this group of academic workers. Further psychometric properties of the ERI questionnaire are required before its wider application in research and practice.

Effort-Reward Imbalance and Post-Traumatic Stress After a Workplace Terror Attack

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Camilla Hem ◽  
Morten Birkeland Nielsen ◽  
Marianne Bang Hansen ◽  
Trond Heir
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extra Effort ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Reward Imbalance

AbstractObjectiveFollowing adverse work conditions, health consequences can be explained by an imbalance between the effort made and the reward received. We investigated the association between extra effort, perceived reward, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Effort-Reward Imbalance Model was used to examine whether extra effort at work in the aftermath of a workplace-related terrorist attack affected the risk of PTSD and the effects of reward for extra effort from a leader or colleagues.MethodsCross-sectional data were collected 10 months after a terrorist attack in Norway in 2011. Out of 3520 Ministry employees invited, 1927 agreed to participate. Employees reported any extra effort performed as a result of the bomb explosion and any reward received from a leader or colleagues. PTSD was assessed with the PTSD Checklist.ResultsEmployees who reported extra effort displayed increased risk for PTSD (odds ratio [OR]=1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.55, P=0.008). Perceived reward for extra effort from a leader was associated with lower risk for PTSD (OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.64, P<0.001) but not perceived reward from colleagues.ConclusionsExtra effort may increase the risk of PTSD, but reward from a leader may mitigate this effect. The Effort-Reward Imbalance Model appears to be an appropriate approach that may contribute to understanding of the etiology of work-related PTSD. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:219–224)

scholarly journals Psychosocial aspects of work and minor psychic disorders in nursing: use of combined models

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelin Daiane Gabriel Pinhatti ◽  
Renata Perfeito Ribeiro ◽  
Marcos Hirata Soares ◽  
Júlia Trevisan Martins ◽  
Maria Ribeiro Lacerda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Psychosocial Aspects ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire ◽  
Demand Control

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the combined use of models for the evaluation of work-related psychosocial aspects and their association with the prevalence of Minor Psychics Disorders among nursing workers. Method: cross-sectional study with a sample of 285 nursing workers. Data collection was performed through the application of a structured sociodemographic and occupational questionnaire and the Demand-Control-Support, Effort-Reward Imbalance and Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and a multiple logistic regression were performed. Results: the prevalence of suspicion of minor psychics disorders was 32.6%. The dimensions of both models were associated with mental health. The full Effort-Reward Imbalance and Demand-Control and Social Support models predict Minor Psychics Disorders to a greater extent than the combined use of partial models. Conclusion: it was found that the Effort-Reward Imbalance model captured better the magnitude of the Minor Psychics Disorders in this sample of workers compared to the Demand-Control and Social Support model. However, the concomitant use of the theoretical models revealed unique contributions in the evaluation of Minor Psychics Disorders. Considering the complexity of mental illnesses, it is important that different factors be evaluated.

The relationship between effort–reward imbalance and empathy among clinical nurses: A cross‐sectional online survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 3363-3372
Author(s):  
Lingling Kong ◽  
Wencai Li ◽  
Hongmei Wang ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Nurses ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Changes in work stress among doctors in Norway from 2010 to 2019: a study based on repeated surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e037474
Author(s):  
Judith Rosta ◽  
Fredrik Bååthe ◽  
Olaf G Aasland ◽  
Karin Isaksson Rø
Keyword(s):  
Work Stress ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Marginal Means ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
Hospital Doctors ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

ObjectivesTo explore and discuss the changes in the levels of work stress for Norwegian doctors in different job positions (hospital doctors, general practitioners (GPs), private practice specialists, doctors in academia) from 2010 to 2019.DesignRepeated questionnaire surveys in 2010, 2016 and 2019, where samples were partly overlapping.SettingNorway.ParticipantsA representative sample of 1500–2200 doctors in different job positions. Response rates were 66.7% (1014/1520) in 2010, 73.1% (1604/2195) in 2016 and 72.5% (1511/2084) in 2019.Main outcome measureValidated 9-item short form of the ‘Effort–Reward Imbalance’ questionnaire. A risky level of work stress was defined as an effort/reward ratio above 1.0.AnalysesLinear mixed models with estimated marginal means of job positions controlled for gender and age. Proportions with 95% CIs.ResultsFrom 2010 to 2016 and further to 2019, GPs reported a significant increase in levels on the effort scale (ES: 2.96, 3.25, 3.51) and significant decrease in levels on the reward scale (RS: 4.27, 4.05, 3.67). No significant changes were reported by hospital doctors (ES: 3.13, 3.10, 3.14; RS: 4.09, 3.98, 4.04), private practice specialists (ES: 2.58, 2.61, 2.59; RS: 4.32, 4.32, 4.30) and doctors in academia (ES: 2.63, 2.51, 2.52; RS: 4.09, 4.11, 4.14). The proportion of doctors with risky levels of work stress increased significantly for GPs (10.3%, 27.7%, 40.1%), but did not significantly change for hospital doctors (23.0%, 27.3%, 26.9%), private practice specialists (8.2%, 12.7%, 9.4%) and doctors in academia (11.9%, 19.0%, 16.4%).ConclusionDuring a 9-year period, the proportion of risky levels of work stress increased significantly for GPs but did not significantly change for other job positions. This may be partly due to changes in expectations of younger GPs and several healthcare reforms and regulations.

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