scholarly journals Occupational Exposure to Endotoxin along a Municipal Scale Fecal Sludge Collection and Resource Recovery Process in Kigali, Rwanda

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4740
Author(s):  
Rachel Sklar ◽  
Zeyi Zhou ◽  
Marley Zalay ◽  
Ashley Muspratt ◽  
S. Katharine Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Endotoxin Exposure ◽  
Fecal Sludge

Background: Little is known about occupational exposures that occur along fecal sludge collection and resource recovery processes. This study characterizes inhaled endotoxin exposure to workers of a municipal scale fecal sludge-to-fuel processes in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods: Forty-two task-based air samples were collected from workers in five tasks along the fecal sludge collection and resource recovery process. Samples were processed for endotoxin using the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. To account for exposure variability and compare measured concentrations to established exposure limits, we used Monte Carlo modeling methods to construct distributions representing full eight-hour (8-h) exposures to endotoxin across eight exposure scenarios. Results: Geometric mean (GM) endotoxin concentrations in task-based samples ranged from 11–3700 EU/m3 with exposure concentrations increasing as the dryness of the fecal sludge increased through processing. The thermal dryer task had the highest endotoxin concentrations (GM = 3700 EU/m3) and the inlet task had the lowest (GM = 11 EU/m3). The geometric means (GM) of modeled 8-h exposure concentrations were between 6.7–960 EU/m3 and highest for scenarios which included the thermal dryer task in the exposure scenario. Conclusions: Our data suggest the importance of including worker exposure considerations in the design of nascent fecal sludge management processes. The methods used in this study combine workplace sampling with stochastic modeling and are useful for exposure assessment in resource constrained contexts.

scholarly journals Mycelial paper: A potential resource recovery process?

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1063-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris A. Johnson ◽  
John A. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Potential Resource

scholarly journals Exposure Assessment to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Occupational Military Scenarios: A Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Silvia Gallucci ◽  
Serena Fiocchi ◽  
Marta Bonato ◽  
Emma Chiaramello ◽  
Gabriella Tognola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Directed Energy ◽  
The Military ◽  
Intended Use

(1) Background: Radiofrequency radiations are used in most devices in current use and, consequently, the assessment of the human exposure to the radiofrequency radiations has become an issue of strong interest. Even if in the military field there is wide use of radiofrequency devices, a clear picture on the exposure assessment to the electromagnetic field of the human beings in the military scenario is still missing. (2) Methods: a review of the scientific literature regarding the assessment of the exposure of the military personnel to the RF specific to the military environment, was performed. (3) Results: the review has been performed grouping the scientific literature by the typology of military devices to which the military personnel can be exposed to. The military devices have been classified in four main classes, according to their intended use: communication devices, localization/surveillance devices, jammers and EM directed-energy weapons. (4) Discussion and Conclusions: The review showed that in the exposure conditions here evaluated, there were only occasional situations of overexposure, whereas in the majority of the conditions the exposure was below the worker exposure limits. Nevertheless, the limited number of studies and the lack of exposure assessment studies for some devices prevent us to draw definitive conclusions and encourage further studies on military exposure assessment.

Performance and inhibition recovery of anammox reactors seeded with different types of sludge

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Q. Ni ◽  
J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Anammox Activity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

In order to study the performance, inhibition and recovery processes of different types of anammox sludge, three up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors were inoculated with flocculent sludge, granular sludge, and cultured inactive methanogenic granules. During stable period, with nitrogen loading rates of 0.9–1.1 kg/m3/d, the total nitrogen removal efficiencies of these reactors averaged at 86.5%, 90.8% and 93.5%, respectively. The kinetics study indicated that the reactor seeded with cultured inactive methanogenic granules possessed the highest nitrogen removal potential, followed by the granular anammox reactor and the flocculent anammox reactor. The study suggested that a concentration as high as 988.3 mg NH4+-N/L and 484.4 mg NO2−-N/L could totally inhibit granular anammox bacteria and result in a inhibition of 50% flocculent anammox activity. In addition, reactors seeded with flocculent sludge and anammox granules could be fully recovered by decreasing their influent substrate concentrations. However, the decrease of influent substrate concentration for the reactor with cultured inactive methanogenic granules could only restore about 75% of its bacterial activity. In this study, anammox bacteria purity was the major factor to evaluate the recovery ability in comparison with sludge type. Free ammonia was a more appropriate indicator for the anammox recovery process compared to free nitric acid.

An ammonia detecting mechanism for organic transistors as revealed by their recovery processes

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 8832-8839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhou ◽  
Kaifeng Niu ◽  
Zi Wang ◽  
Lizhen Huang ◽  
Lifeng Chi
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Organic Transistors ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Organic Transistor

An ammonia detecting mechanism that involved pre-doping and de-doping was revealed by the recovery process of an organic transistor.

scholarly journals Building trust and recovery capital: the professionals’ helpful practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Topor ◽  
Lisa Skogens ◽  
Ninive von Greiff
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Personal Capital ◽  
Recovery Capital ◽  
Relationship Capital

Purpose The possibility of recovery for persons with co-occurring addiction and mental health problems has been contested. Though, recent studies show that recovery might happen, but without connection to specific treatment interventions. The purpose of this paper is to analyse professionals’ perceptions of their contribution to improvement. Design/methodology/approach In all, 15 experienced professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Recovery processes were dependent of the persons’ access to different forms of recovery capital (RC). Lack of RC was often associated with lack of trust in one’s self and others (identity and personal capital). Professionals had to be accepted as trustful agents through co-creating changes in the person’s life. Trusting a professional might be a basis for trusting one’s self as an agent in one’s recovery process and develop a social network (identity and relationship capital). Other aspects stressed by the professionals were to manage their own fragmentized organisations and societal shortcomings (economic capital). Practical implications Recovery has been described as a profoundly individual journey. However, it is also deeply social, involving other persons and contextual factors. Focusing on just one level might counteract the complex work behind double recovery. Originality/value Improvement was described as dependent on the presence of personal, inter-personal, organisational and societal factors. The findings give a deep and concrete understanding of the process constituting the development of a working alliance and its dependence on factors outside the direct relation between the staff member and the person.

A Mathematical Model to Predict Solvent/Steam Flashing in Pure Solvent or Solvent/Steam Coinjection in Horizontal Producers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazda Irani ◽  
Nasser Sabet ◽  
Farzad Bashtani ◽  
Kousha Gohari
Keyword(s):  
Flow Control ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Liquid Pool ◽  
Solvent Injection ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Flow Control Devices ◽  
Pure Solvent ◽  
Control Devices

Summary Although the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is still the preferred thermal-recovery process method for Athabascan deposits in Alberta, Canada, the interest in solvent-based techniques is growing due to reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions and water treatment concerns. In SAGD process, the thermodynamic trapping or subcool trapping is quite efficient due to strongly dependency of bitumen viscosity to temperature. As Irani (2018) discussed subcool trapping for solvent applications such NsolvTM recovery process is inefficient due to week dependency of solvent viscosity to temperature. Other factor that effects the efficiency of the thermodynamic trapping is that the pure solvent injection recovery processes are operated at low pressure and it is not large temperature window for operators to apply large subcools. Such challenges make the pure solvent injection recovery processes a perfect case for deployment of Flow-Control-Devices (FCDs). FCDs have demonstrated significant potential for improving recovery in SAGD production wells. FCD experience in SAGD has been primarily positive and most producers performed better with FCDs. Application of FCDs are even more important in pure-solvent injection recovery processes due to large amount of solvent in the liquid pool and also low latent heat of solvent in comparison of water. With FCDs, the draw-down pressure is typically higher, resulting in flashing near the well bore, which is largely correlated to latent heat of the main fluid in the liquid pool. The flashing creates either steam or vapour breakthrough that causes the reduction in the relative permeability of the liquid phase. Such mobility reduction creates new equilibrium that stabilizes at lower rates. Such new equilibrium analysis is conducted by forcing a new temperature gradient to the model. Such condition creates an environment that leads into extensive solvent-breakthrough called solvent-coning in this study. The main output of such analysis is the produced solvent gas-fraction produced at the sand-face. The gas-fraction is an important input for the flow control devices (FCDs) especially at subcools close to the zero, as it controls its behavior. EoS model is also created and simplified to be possible to used in defining different equilibrium conditions. This type of analysis can help the operators evaluate the effectiveness of different type of FCDs, whether they are primarily momentum- or friction-style devices for application of the pure solvent injection recovery processes. This study is the first of its kind that couple the EoS and Darcy flow in the liquid pool. The model includes all the factors into a liquid-relative-permeability, and limitation of the liquid flow into producer is modeled by Darcy flow and reduction of such relative-permeability.

The National Shipbuilding Research Program Welding Fume Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Chute ◽  
Bradley W. Christ
Keyword(s):  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Welding Fume ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Exposure Control ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the results of a study evaluating the impact of anticipated reductions in OSHA worker exposure limits for airborne contaminants, nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and hexavalent chromium (Cr6) on the shipbuilding industry. As part of the study field evaluation, air monitoring and data analysis were conducted to measure the effectiveness of a series of exposure control methods including fume extractor guns, ixed fume extraction systems, portable fume extraction systems, low fume welding wires, downdraft/backdraft tables, and fume iltration devices. Six shipyards participated in this study. The study concluded that the cost of compliance increases greatly with lower exposure limits. It was recommended that the shipbuilding industry continue to develop and evaluate feasible control measures in anticipation of revised standards.

Hurricane Harvey's Aftermath

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Matthew L. Spialek
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Texas Gulf Coast ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Hurricane Season ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Race And Place ◽  
Coastal Residents ◽  
Insight Into

Early June begins the Southern Hemisphere hurricane season. Stretching into November, it can often be a time of weary waiting and cautious optimism for coastal residents. Clear skies and calm seas can quickly give way to disaster. On August 27, 2017, a Category 4 hurricane (Harvey), targeting the Texas Gulf Coast and packing winds of over 130 miles per hour, wreaked havoc and created a path of destruction with bands of rain that seemingly went on forever. Lives were lost, neighborhoods devastated, resiliency cracked; yet people continued helping each other, and the recovery process began. Fitzpatrick and Spialek tell a complicated story of heartache, destruction, resiliency, recovery, and hope. Through over 300 interviews from Hurricane Harvey survivors living along the Texas Gulf Coast, their stories tell an all-too-familiar tale. Interviewing survivors with diverse displacement experiences, the authors create a narrative around who, what, where, and why residents sought refuge in shelters, hotels, and other alternative locations. Some residents have since moved back. Others have been rebuilding for months and even years. And there are some residents who will never return home. Their stories, circumstances, and insight into the recovery processes are all very different, yet intimately tied together through an understanding of how race and place come to define their experiences. This book tells survivors’ stories while emphasizing that who those survivors were and where they lived had a major impact on these tales of destruction, resiliency, and recovery.

scholarly journals Recovery processes among young adults treated for alcohol and other drug problems: A five-year follow-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-351
Author(s):  
Lisa Skogens ◽  
Ninive von Greiff
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Client Group ◽  
Human And Social Capital ◽  
Drug Problems ◽  
Alcohol And Other Drugs

Aim: Studies on recovery from alcohol and other drugs (AOD) among young adults are scarce. In the present study, young adults, previously interviewed with a focus on their recovery process shortly after they completed treatment, were re-interviewed five years later focusing on their recovery process during the last five years in relation to their former AOD problems, other problems and processes of change. Methods: Twenty-one young adults were interviewed: 16 women and five men aged between 25 and 33 years. After transcribing the interviews, the material was analysed thematically. Results: Three overall themes emerged: previous problems, mental illness and the search for identity. The results were discussed in relation to recovery capital, primarily focusing on human and social capital. The results indicate that the group in focus often needs professional support for mental health issues in order to reach a stable recovery. Conclusions: Since the problems described were heterogeneous, this client group might benefit from individual treatment and extended support after treatment. Further, the results indicate that the established period of five years for a stable recovery might need to be extended for young adults.

Who We Are

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Matthew L. Spialek
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Before And After

Chapter two describes the methodological framework and design for this project. The authors present a discussion of the methods used to select persons for both face-to-face interviews and online surveys, along with the follow-up strategies used to talk with civilians and organizational officials involved in the recovery process. This chapter discusses both the approach to the data collection, as well as what specific data the authors were interested in acquiring as it pertained to understanding how displacement and recovery processes varied across individual survivors. Finally, the chapter discusses in detail the numerous strategies employed to tell the survivors’ stories—pictures, maps, tables, charts, and narratives, along with additional data from secondary sources to help characterize the places where survivors were living both before and after the disaster.

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