scholarly journals Health Outcomes of an Integrated Behaviour-Centred Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Food Safety Intervention–A Randomised before and after Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Morse ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
Kondwani Chidziwisano ◽  
Rossanie Malolo ◽  
Janelisa Musaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Cluster Group ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Diarrhoeal disease in children under five in low income settings has been associated with multiple environmental exposure pathways, including complementary foods. Conducted from February to December 2018 in rural Malawi, this before and after trial with a control used diarrhoeal disease as a primary outcome, to measure the impact of a food hygiene intervention (food hygiene + handwashing) relative to a food hygiene and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention (food hygiene + handwashing + faeces management + water management). The 31-week intervention was delivered by community-based coordinators through community events (n = 2), cluster group meetings (n = 17) and household visits (n = 14). Diarrhoeal disease was self-reported and measured through an end line survey, and daily diaries completed by caregivers. Difference-in-differences results show a 13-percentage point reduction in self-reported diarrhoea compared to the control group. There were also significant increases in the presence of proxy measures in each of the treatment groups (e.g., the presence of soap). We conclude that food hygiene interventions (including hand washing with soap) can significantly reduce diarrhoeal disease prevalence in children under five years in a low-income setting. Therefore, the promotion of food hygiene practices using a behaviour-centred approach should be embedded in nutrition and WASH policies and programming.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Revised WIC Food Package on Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Postpartum

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (8) ◽  
pp. 1493-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Hamad ◽  
Akansha Batra ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Kaja Z LeWinn ◽  
Nicole R Bush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Package ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutritional support for pregnant and postpartum women and young children. The typical food package provided to recipient families was revised in October 2009 to include more whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat milk. Little is known about whether these revisions improved nutrition among women during this critical period of the life course. We conducted a quasiexperimental difference-in-differences analysis, comparing WIC recipients (“treatment” group) before and after the WIC policy change, while accounting for temporal trends among nonrecipients (“control” group). We examined nutritional outcomes among a cohort of 1,454 women recruited during pregnancy in 2006–2011 in Memphis and surrounding Shelby County, Tennessee. We found improvements in several measures of dietary quality and nutrient intake during pregnancy, although these did not persist into the postpartum period. Results were robust to numerous sensitivity analyses. At a time when federal WIC funding is threatened, this study provides some of the first evidence of the benefits of recent WIC revisions among low-income women.

scholarly journals The effects of Tui Na massage on the growth status of children under five years of age with KMS T status (low weight gain)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annif Munjidah ◽  
Fitria Dwi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Before And After

Nutritional problem in urban area is generally caused by food absorption disorder which can be treated by Tui Na massage. This article was aimed to investigate the effect of Tui Na massage on the growth status of children less than five years of age with KMS T status (low weight gain in Indonesia medical record). This quasiexperimental study was conducted by implementing pre-and-posttest design with control group. This study involved 26 children less than five years of age with KMS T as research samples chosen by simple random sampling technique. The results of analysis using paired t-test on the effect before and after Tui Na massage showed p=0.019 < α=0.05, while independent t-test in control and treatment group obtained p=0.065 > α=0.05. It shows that Tui Na massage affects the growth status of children under five years of age. Based on those results, midwives are expected to be able to perform Tui Na massage as an effort to develop the growth status of children under five years of age.

scholarly journals Pengaruh penyuluhan dengan media audio visual terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku ibu balita gizi kurang dan buruk di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Ira Rahmawati ◽  
Toto Sudargo ◽  
Ira Paramastri
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Allocation ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Audiovisual Media ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

Background: The incident of malnutrition, when it is being examined, will caused mortality in 54% children under five years old. Malnutrition in children under five years old based on districts in Indonesia with prevalence of > 40% (very high) is located in 35 districts which one them is West Kotawaringin district (Kobar). The result of nutrition status measurement survey or statistic center survey in Kobar district in the year of 2005 showed that the prevalence of lack nutrition of children under five years old was 13.1 % and malnutrition was 2.3%. Children under five years old who were below the red line from January to May 2006 was 5%, 4%, 4%, 4.1% and 4.6%. The improvement of nutrition condition is necessary to improve health, decrease mortality rate of infants and children under five years old, improve the ability of growth, physical, mental, child social, work productivity as well as academic achievement. One of the approaches that are often used is by conveying message or information through education, teaching and information so that it can be well obtained and understood.Objective: This research was aimed to improve knowledge, attitude and behavior of mother of children under five years old who joint the health information with audiovisual media, module and control as well as to find out the different level of the improvement before and after intervention.Method: This was a quasi-experimental research that used pretest – posttest with control group design (random allocation). The population was allocated in three groups; control, treatment and audiovisual groups with 15 mothers who had mildly and severely malnourished children under five years of age respectively.Result: The improvement of knowledge, attitude and behavior of mothers who had children under five years old who joint the information with audiovisual media was higher than those who joint the information with module and control group. There was a difference on knowledge, attitude and behavior of mother of children under five years old before and after intervention.Conclusion: The result of the research showed that, in general, audiovisual method was better than module method and module method was better than without intervention (control group). Therefore, audiovisual was the best method to be used.

scholarly journals Do pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) reduce childhood pneumonia mortality? An assessment across socioeconomic groups in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Schuck-Paim ◽  
Robert J. Taylor ◽  
Wladimir J. Alonso ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger ◽  
Lone Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackgroundUnderstanding the real-world impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on pneumonia mortality is critical, given the expectation that PCVs can substantially reduce the burden of pneumonia deaths in children under five years. However, surprisingly few post-vaccine introduction studies have estimated the benefit of PCVs for childhood mortality, and results have been inconsistent.MethodsWe investigated the long-term trends in child pneumonia mortality in Brazil (1980-present) and assessed the impact of PCV10 on childhood pneumonia mortality, both nationally and in municipalities stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), after the vaccine was introduced in Brazil in 2010.FindingsBetween 1980 and 2010, a period when Brazil’s Human Development Index (HDI) rose from 0.55 to 0.71, national pneumonia mortality in children under five decreased 10-fold. Despite rapid uptake of PCV10 following its introduction in 2010, our primary analytical method found no significant decline in national childhood pneumonia mortality, although a secondary analysis found a 10 percent decline in some but not all strata. However, at the municipal level we found significant reductions in childhood pneumonia mortality of up to 24% in low SES strata.InterpretationContrary to expectations, we found that PCV use led to at best modest savings in childhood pneumonia mortality at the national level in a middle-income country. In contrast, we found evidence that PCV led to larger reductions in low-income settings; a similar benefit might occur when PCVs are introduced in other low-SES settings. The long-term findings underscore that improvements in nutrition, hygiene, education, and healthcare play a major role in reducing pneumonia mortality.FundingThis work was funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1114733). DMW also acknowledges support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1176267) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI123208)

The impact of a music education program on meta-musical awareness, logical-mathematical, and notational skills in preschoolers

2021 ◽  
pp. 025576142110272
Author(s):  
Oriana Incognito ◽  
Laura Scaccioni ◽  
Giuliana Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
General Domain ◽  
Music Program ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

A number of studies suggest a link between musical training and both specific and general cognitive abilities, but despite some positive results, there is disagreement about which abilities are improved. This study aims to investigate the effects of a music education program both on a domain-specific competence (meta-musical awareness), and on general domain competences, that is, cognitive abilities (logical-mathematical) and symbolic-linguistic abilities (notational). Twenty 4- to 6-year-old children participated in the research, divided into two groups (experimental and control) and the measures were administered at two different times, before and after a 6-month music program (for the experimental group) and after a sports training program (for the control group). Children performed meta-musical awareness tasks, logical-mathematical tasks, and emergent-alphabetization tasks. Non-parametric statistics show that a music program significantly improves the development of notational skills and meta-musical awareness while not the development of logical-mathematical skills. These results show that a musical program increases children’s meta-musical awareness, and their ability to acquire the notational ability involved in the invented writing of words and numbers. On the contrary, it does not affect the development of logical skills. The results are discussed in terms of transfer of knowledge processes and of specific versus general domain effects of a musical program.

scholarly journals Association between Malaria Infection and Early Childhood Development Mediated by Anemia in Rural Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Erin M. Milner ◽  
Patricia Kariger ◽  
Amy J. Pickering ◽  
Christine P. Stewart ◽  
Kendra Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Social Delay ◽  
The Impact

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, with most cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. Children in this age group in Africa are at greatest risk worldwide for developmental deficits. There are research gaps in quantifying the risks of mild malaria cases, understanding the pathways linking malaria infection and poor child development, and evaluating the impact of malaria on the development of children under five years. We analyzed the association between malaria infection and gross motor, communication, and personal social development in 592 children age 24 months in rural, western Kenya as part of the WASH Benefits environmental enteric dysfunction sub-study. Eighteen percent of children had malaria, 20% were at risk for gross motor delay, 21% were at risk for communication delay, and 23% were at risk for personal social delay. Having a positive malaria test was associated with increased risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social delay while adjusting for child characteristics, household demographics, study cluster, and intervention treatment arm. Mediation analyses suggested that anemia was a significant mediator in the pathway between malaria infection and risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social development delays. The proportion of the total effect of malaria on the risk of developmental delay that is mediated by anemia across the subscales was small (ranging from 9% of the effect on gross motor development to 16% of the effect on communication development mediated by anemia). Overall, malaria may be associated with short-term developmental delays during a vulnerable period of early life. Therefore, preventative malaria measures and immediate treatment are imperative for children’s optimal development, particularly in light of projections of continued high malaria transmission in Kenya and Africa.

Effectiveness of Educational Communication in Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice to Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Prevention of Mother Having Children Under 5 Years Old

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Educational Communication ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Hand Foot Mouth Disease ◽  
The Right ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease that mainly occurs in children under five years old. Vietnam is a developing country with high prevalence of the disease outbreak every year. Can Tho City, Co Do District had the highest incidence of children under five years old acquired HFMD. Objective: 1) To determine the factors correlating with knowledge, attitude, and practice in HFMD prevention of mothers having children under five years old, and 2) to evaluate the alteration in knowledge, attitude, and practice in prevention HFMD of mothers having children under five years old after intervention with health educational communication. Materials and Methods: Community intervention study was done in 420 subjects. At first, all the participants would do the questionnaire and practicing assessment. Then, the participants were divided into two groups, the intervened group for educational communication, and the control group with no intervention. The intervention included three steps, 1) training knowledge and skills for medical staffs and collaborators, 2) providing information about HFMD for the mothers, 3) broadcasting information leaflets to the subjects’ house every month. The assessment in awareness, attitude, and practice would be performed again after one month. The present study staff achieved approval from the Science and Educating Council of Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition, the present study also received the agreement from The People’s Committee of Co Do District. Results: The present study results shows that 23.3% of mothers had the right knowledge, 50.5% of mothers had the right attitude, and 17.4% of mothers with children under five years of age had the right disease prevention practice. There was an association between education level of mothers with children under five years of age with knowledge, attitude, and practice in disease prevention. After intervention, knowledge of the mothers in the intervened group improved more than 2.79 times, right attitude more than 2.84 times, and practice improvement more than 1.83 times in compared with the control group. Conclusion: Educational communication plays an important role in HFMD disease prevention through increasing the awareness, opinion, and disease prevention of the mothers who directly take care of the under five years old children. Keywords: Hand-foot-mouth disease; Knowledge; Attitudes; Practices; Effective intervention

scholarly journals The Use of Procalcitonin as a Sepsis Marker in a Community Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-552
Author(s):  
Nathalia De Oro ◽  
Maria E Gauthreaux ◽  
Julie Lamoureux ◽  
Joseph Scott
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Current Cutoff ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker that shows good sensitivity and specificity in identifying septic patients. Methods This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of PCT in a community hospital setting and how it compared to that of lactic acid. It explored the impact on patient care before and after PCT implementation regarding costs and length of stay. Two comparative groups were analyzed using an exploratory descriptive case–control study with data from a 19-month period after PCT implementation and a retrospective quasi-experimental study using a control group of emergency department patients diagnosed with sepsis using data before PCT implementation. Results Post-procalcitonin implementation samples included 165 cases and pre-procalcitonin implementation sample included 69 cases. From the 165 sepsis cases who had positive blood cultures, PCT had a sensitivity of 89.7%. In comparison, lactic acid's sensitivity at the current cutoff of 18.02 mg/dL (2.0 mmol/L) was 64.9%. There was a 32% decrease in median cost before and after PCT implementation, even with the length of stay remaining at 5 days in both time periods. Conclusions There was a significant decrease after the implementation of PCT in cost of hospitalization compared to costs before implementation. This cost is highly correlated with length of stay; neither the hospital nor the intensive care unit length of stay showed a difference with before and after implementation. There was a positive correlation between lactic acid and PCT values. PCT values had a higher predictive usefulness than the lactic acid values.

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