scholarly journals Attributable Risk to Assess the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Advances, Controversies, State of the Art and Future Needs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4512
Author(s):  
Annunziata Faustini ◽  
Marina Davoli
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Recent Interpretation

Despite the increased attention given to the health impact assessment of air pollution and to the strategies to control it in both scientific literature and concrete interventions, the results of the implementations, especially those involving traffic, have not always been satisfactory and there is still disagreement about the most appropriate interventions and the methods to assess their effectiveness. This state-of-the-art article reviews the recent interpretation of the concepts that concern the impact assessment, and compares old and new measurements of attributable risk and attributable fraction. It also summarizes the ongoing discussion about the designs and methods for assessing the air pollution impact with particular attention to improvements due to spatio-temporal analysis and other new approaches, such as studying short term effects in cohorts, and the still discussed methods of predicting the values of attributable risk (AR). Finally, the study presents the more recent analytic perspectives and the methods for directly assessing the effects of not yet implemented interventions on air quality and health, in accordance with the suggestion in the strategic plan 2020−2025 from the Health Effect Institute.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics and Air Pollution: The Impact of Demographics on Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Meulengracht Flachs ◽  
Jan Sørensen ◽  
Jakob Bønløkke ◽  
Henrik Brønnum-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Health Impact Assessments ◽  
Mortality Causes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Municipal Level

Objective. To explore how three different assumptions on demographics affect the health impact of Danish emitted air pollution in Denmark from 2005 to 2030, with health impact modeled from 2005 to 2050.Methods. Modeled air pollution from Danish sources was used as exposure in a newly developed health impact assessment model, which models four major diseases and mortality causes in addition to all-cause mortality. The modeling was at the municipal level, which divides the approximately 5.5 M residents in Denmark into 99 municipalities. Three sets of demographic assumptions were used: (1) a static year 2005 population, (2) morbidity and mortality fixed at the year 2005 level, or (3) an expected development.Results. The health impact of air pollution was estimated at 672,000, 290,000, and 280,000 lost life years depending on demographic assumptions and the corresponding social costs at 430.4 M€, 317.5 M€, and 261.6 M€ through the modeled years 2005–2050.Conclusion. The modeled health impact of air pollution differed widely with the demographic assumptions, and thus demographics and assumptions on demographics played a key role in making health impact assessments on air pollution.

scholarly journals Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha Khomenko ◽  
Marta Cirach ◽  
Evelise Pereira-Barboza ◽  
Natalie Mueller ◽  
Jose Barrera-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
European Cities

scholarly journals Adding value to the use of Health Impact Assessment and social return on investment technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Green ◽  
K Ashton ◽  
M Dyakova ◽  
L Parry-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Social Return On Investment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and Social Return on Investment (SROI) are beneficial public health methodologies that assess potential effects on health including social, economic and environmental factors and have synergies in their approaches. This paper explores how HIA and SROI can complement each other to capture and account for the impact and social value of an assessed intervention or policy. A scoping review of academic and grey literature was undertaken to identify case studies published between January 1996 and April 2019 where HIA and SROI methods have been used to complement each other. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with nine international experts from a range of regulatory/legislative contexts to gain a better understanding of past experiences and expertise of both HIA and SROI. A thematic analysis was undertaken on the data collected. The review identified two published reports which outline when HIA and SROI have both been used to assess the same intervention. Interview results suggest that both methods have strengths as standalone processes i.e. HIAs are well-structured in their approach, assessing health in its broadest context and SROI can add value by monetizing social value as well as capturing social/environmental impact. Similarities of the two methods were identified i.e. a strong emphasis on stakeholder engagement and common shared principles. When questioned how the two methods could complement each other in practice, the results indicate the benefits of using HIA to explore initial impact, and as a platform on which to build SROI to monetarize social value. HIA and SROI methodologies have cross-over. The research suggests potential benefits when used in tandem or combining the methods to assess impact and account for health and social value. Innovative work is now being carried out in Wales to understand the implications of this in practice and to understand how the results of the two methods could be used by decision-makers. Key messages HIA and SROI methods can be used in tandem to capture both the health impact and social value of policies and proposed interventions. HIA and SROI when used together can provide valuable information to inform decision makers around the health impact and social value of proposed policies and interventions.

The Impact Assessment of the Managed Motorway on M25 Junction 5 to 7

2011 ◽  
Vol 66-68 ◽  
pp. 692-696
Author(s):  
Sui Chao ◽  
Ling Tao Wu ◽  
Jian Yun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Technical State ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
The Impact

This study introduces the transport situation and polices of the highway agency for the M25. Then the current implementation of the Managed Motorway on M25 between junction 5 and junction 7 is reviewed, and some examples are given in this paper. Then a technical state-of-the-art of application is also reviewed. After that, the requirements for integration with complementary systems and polices are presented. Finally, this paper discusses the arguments for and against taking this application forward.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Analysis of PM10 in Southern Peninsular Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.9) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Mohamad Saiful Mohamad Khir ◽  
Khalida Muda ◽  
Norelyza Hussein ◽  
Mohd Faisal Abdul Khanan ◽  
Mohd Nor Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Inverse Distance Weighted ◽  
Distance Weighted ◽  
Haze Episode ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Inverse Distance

In this study, the particulate matter with diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) is being observed. Other factors that influenced the pollutant dispersion are also being studied prior to identification of their relationship. The aim of this study is to identify the trend of PM10 concentrations in the Southern Peninsular of Malaysia during the period 2005 to 2015 by using spatio-temporal analysis in regards to air pollution. The inverse distance weighted (IDW) is used for the spatio interpolation data and mapping. The trends of the PM10 concentration are illustrated via map which indicates the affected and vulnerable area of Southern Peninsular Malaysia especially during Haze episode.  

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in African lions

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1745) ◽  
pp. 4206-4214 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maas ◽  
D. F. Keet ◽  
V. P. M. G. Rutten ◽  
J. A. P. Heesterbeek ◽  
M. Nielen
Keyword(s):  
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
The North ◽  
Conservation Problem ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
African Lions

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis , is a disease that was introduced relatively recently into the Kruger National Park (KNP) lion population. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV ple ) is thought to have been endemic in lions for a much longer time. In humans, co-infection between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus increases disease burden. If BTB were to reach high levels of prevalence in lions, and if similar worsening effects would exist between FIV ple and BTB as for their human equivalents, this could pose a lion conservation problem. We collected data on lions in KNP from 1993 to 2008 for spatio-temporal analysis of both FIV ple and BTB, and to assess whether a similar relationship between the two diseases exists in lions. We found that BTB prevalence in the south was higher than in the north (72 versus 19% over the total study period) and increased over time in the northern part of the KNP (0–41%). No significant spatio-temporal differences were seen for FIV ple in the study period, in agreement with the presumed endemic state of the infection. Both infections affected haematology and blood chemistry values, FIV ple in a more pronounced way than BTB. The effect of co-infection on these values, however, was always less than additive. Though a large proportion (31%) of the lions was co-infected with FIV ple and M. bovis , there was no evidence for a synergistic relation as in their human counterparts. Whether this results from different immunopathogeneses remains to be determined.

Physical factors of influence in the interactions between rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture driving the spatio-temporal evolution of drought patterns in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Gaona ◽  
Pere Quintana-Seguí ◽  
Maria José Escorihuela
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

<p>Droughts in the Iberian Peninsula are a natural hazard of great relevance due to their recurrence, severity and impact on multiple environmental and socioeconomic aspects. The Ebro Basin, located in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula, is particularly vulnerable to drought with consequences on agriculture, urban water supply and hydropower. This study, performed within the Project HUMID (CGL2017-85687-R), aims at evaluating the influence of the climatic, land cover and soil characteristics on the interactions between rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture anomalies which define the spatio-temporal drought patterns in the basin.</p><p>The onset, propagation and mitigation of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula is driven by anomalies of rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture, which are related by feedback processes. To test the relative importance of such anomalies, we evaluate the contribution of climatic, land-cover and geologic heterogeneity on the definition of the spatio-temporal patterns of drought. We use the Köppen-Geiger climatic classification to assess how the contrasting climatic types within the basin determine differences on drought behavior. Land-cover types that govern the partition between evaporation and transpiration are also of great interest to discern the influence of vegetation and crop types on the anomalies of evapotranspiration across the distinct regions of the basin (e.g. forested mountains vs. crop-dominated areas). The third physical characteristic whose effect on drought we investigate is the impact of soil properties on soil moisture anomalies.</p><p>The maps and time series used for the spatio-temporal analysis are based on drought indices calculated with high-resolution datasets from remote sensing (MOD16A2ET and SMOS1km) and the land-surface model SURFEX-ISBA. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the EvapoTranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) and the Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) are the three indices chosen to characterize the anomalies of the corresponding rainfall (atmospheric), evapotranspiration (atmosphere-land interface) and soil moisture (land) anomalies (components of the water balance). The comparison of the correlations of the indices (with different time lags) between contrasting regions offers insights about the impact of climate, land-cover and soil properties in the dominance, the timing of the response and memory aspects of the interactions. The high spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing and land-surface model data allows adopting time and spatial scales suitable to investigate the influence of these physical factors with detail beyond comparison with ground-based datasets.</p><p>The spatial and temporal analysis prove useful to investigate the physical factors of influence on the anomalies between rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture. This approach facilitates the physical interpretation of the anomalies of drought indices aiming to improve the characterization of drought in heterogeneous semi-arid areas like the Ebro River Basin.</p>

scholarly journals Nepal, a multi-hazard risk country: Spatio-temporal analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Jimee ◽  
Kimiro Meguro ◽  
Amod Mani Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complex Geology

Nepal, though covers small area of the earth, exposes complex geology with active tectonic processes, high peaks, sloppy terrain and climatic variation. Combination of such geo-physical and climatic conditions with existing poor socio-economic conditions, unplanned settlements, rapidly increasing population and low level of awareness has put the country in highest risk to multi-hazard events. Fires, floods, landslides and epidemics are the most frequent hazard events, which have cumulatively caused a significant loss of lives and property every year. However, due to diversity in physiographic, climatic and socio-economic conditions within the country, the type, frequency and degree of the impact of such events differs in different places. During the period of 46 years (1971-2016), an average of 2 events have been occurred causing 3 deaths/missing every day. Disaster events occurred most frequently during the months of April, July and August, while relatively lesser number of events have been reported during January, November and December. However, earthquakes have been reported in different months, regardless with the season. This paper is an effort to analyse the spatial distribution and temporal variation of disaster events in Nepal. Further it has drawn a trend of disasters occurrence in Nepal, which will help the decision makers and other stakeholders for formulating Disaster Risk Management (DRM) plan and policies on one hand and heighten citizens’ awareness of against disasters on the other.

scholarly journals Quantitative Health Impact Assessment Methodology for Societal Initiatives: A Scoping Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L M Reumers ◽  
M P M Bekker ◽  
M W J Jansen ◽  
H B M Hilderink ◽  
D Ruwaard
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Literature Selection

Abstract Background Promoting health rather than treating disease is gaining popularity and promotion initiatives are increasingly situated in the societal domain. In this scoping review, the literature on quantitative health impact assessment (HIA) practice and methodology is explored in order to provide an overview of methods that have been used or proposed for estimating societal initiatives’ health outcomes. Methods Systematic searches were done in PubMed and Web of Science in order to identify relevant literature. A set of selection criteria ensured that studies held useful quantitative HIA methodology and a societal approach. Reference lists of all selected studies were then examined for other studies. After literature selection, quantifiable features of interest were recorded and general observations on the composition of the current literature were made. Results The literature selection process yielded 54 included studies, most of which focus on lifestyle-related determinants. Of different health outcome measurements, deaths (averted) was most frequently used, followed by life years and quality- and disability-adjusted life years. Equity is frequently mentioned, but not often estimated. Most studies made estimates based on simulation models, notably with Monte Carlo, Markov and system dynamics models (simulation period mean 46 years; median 50 years). Inputs for the models such as relative risks, transition probabilities and price elasticities were taken from census and register data, survey data, evidence from previous (scientific) studies and outcomes from stakeholder sessions. Conclusions HIA holds a wide range of practices with some overlap. Different methods’ strengths and weaknesses partly depend on the phenomenon of interest. Some policy types have standard approaches, but there is no one universal optimal method and therefore having a grasp of multiple methods is useful. Furthermore, estimating health effect distributions could make an important addition to HIA. Key messages Quantitative HIA can be conducted using various methodological bases and most studies use some form of simulation modelling. Different simulation methods are distinct, but do show some overlap. Quantitative HIA topics often relate to individual behaviour (micro-level proximal determinants). There is room for HIA method development for determinants with indirect connections to the individual.

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