Estimated 24 h Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Is Related to Renal Function Decline: A 6-Year Cohort Study of Japanese Urban Residents

The effect of the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K) on renal function within the clinically normal range of renal function are limited. We investigated the effects of an estimated 24 h urinary Na/K (e24hUNa/K) on a 6-year renal function decline among 927 urban Japanese community dwellers with no history of cardiovascular diseases and medication for hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. We partitioned the subjects into quartiles according to the e24hUNa/K. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD/EPI) formula and renal function decline was defined as an absolute value at or above the third quartile of the eGFR decline rate. A multivariable logistic regression model was used for estimation. Compared with the first quartile of the e24hUNa/K, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for eGFR decline in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.61–1.51), 1.06 (0.67–1.66), and 1.65 (1.06–2.57), respectively. These results were similar when the simple spot urine Na/K ratio was used in place of the e24hUNa/K. Apparently healthy urban residents with an almost within normal range mean baseline eGFR and high e24hUNa/K ratios had an increased risk for a future decline in renal function. Reducing the Na/K ratio may be important in the prevention of chronic kidney disease in its early stage.

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Associations of atrial fibrillation with renal function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease

Heart ◽

10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319297 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. heartjnl-2021-319297

Author(s):

Tz-Heng Chen ◽

Yuan-Chia Chu ◽

Shuo-Ming Ou ◽

Der-Cherng Tarng

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Propensity Scores ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage ◽

Egfr Decline

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) development, but the relationship between AF and subsequent renal function decline in patients with CKD is not well understood. In this study, we explored the role of AF on renal outcomes among patients with CKD.MethodsIn a retrospective hospital-based cohort study, we identified patients with CKD aged ≥20 years from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018. The patients were divided into AF and non-AF groups. We matched each patient with CKD and AF to two non-AF CKD controls according to propensity scores. The outcomes of interest included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline of ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40% and ≥50%, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).ResultsAfter propensity score matching, 6731 patients with AF and 13 462 matched controls were included in the analyses. Compared with the non-AF group, the AF group exhibited greater risks of eGFR decline ≥20% (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.33 to 1.53), ≥30% (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.36 to 1.66), ≥40% (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.41 to 1.85) and ≥50% (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.50 to 2.20), and ESRD (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.34). Higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores were associated with greater risks of eGFR decline and ESRD.ConclusionsIn patients with CKD, AF was associated with greater risks of subsequent renal function decline. CHA2DS2-VASc scores may be a useful risk stratification scheme for predicting the risk of renal function decline.

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Plasma Homocysteine Is a Predictive Factor for Accelerated Renal Function Decline and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Community-Dwelling Population

Kidney & Blood Pressure Research ◽

10.1159/000514360 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Wenkai Xiao ◽

Ping Ye ◽

Fan Wang ◽

Ruihua Cao ◽

Yongyi Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Elevated Plasma ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

Plasma Thcy ◽

Egfr Decline ◽

New Onset

Background: Whether elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for the progression of kidney disease in general population has not been well established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic properties of plasma tHcy for renal function decrement and early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in community-dwelling populations with normal renal function at baseline. Methods: A total of 1,426 participants were enrolled and followed for a median of 4.8 years (interquartile range, 4.5–5.2), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated. One main outcome was the rapid eGFR decline defined as a decline in eGFR of >3 mL/min per 1.73 m2 per year; the other was the new incidence of CKD. Results: At the end of follow-up, the incidence of rapid eGFR decline and new-onset CKD was 20.7 and 5.6%, respectively. In multivariate linear regression analysis, age, central pulse pressure, fasting blood glucose, and concentration of tHcy were independent determinants of the change in eGFR. There was a graded association between tHcy quartiles and eGFR decline. Compared with participants with the lowest quartile of tHcy levels, those with the highest quartile had significantly increased risk for rapid eGFR decline (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–2.94) and new onset of CKD (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.29; 95% CI: 1.42–12.99) after adjusting for various confounders. Similarly, significant associations were also found when baseline tHcy was classified as hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 μmol/L) versus normal tHcy level (≤15 μmol/L). However, there was only association between the change in tHcy levels and new occurrence of CKD but not with rapid eGFR decline (aOR = 0.99, p = 0.613). Conclusions: In this prospective cohort of individuals from community-based population, elevated plasma tHcy emerged as an independent predictor of renal function decline and incident CKD, which might support selection of at-risk individuals.

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Sex modulates the association of radial artery augmentation index with renal function decline in individuals without chronic kidney disease

International Urology and Nephrology ◽

10.1007/s11255-020-02776-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiao Qin ◽

Fangfang Fan ◽

Jia Jia ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Bo Zheng

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Augmentation Index ◽

Renal Function Decline

Abstract Purpose An increase in arterial stiffness is associated with rapid renal function decline (RFD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the radial augmentation index (rAI), a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness, affects RFD in individuals without CKD. Methods A total of 3165 Chinese participants from an atherosclerosis cohort with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) of ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were included in this study. The baseline rAI normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats/min (rAIp75) was obtained using an arterial applanation tonometry probe. The eGFRs at both baseline and follow-up were calculated using the equation derived from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. The association of the rAIp75 with RFD (defined as a drop in the eGFR category accompanied by a ≥ 25% drop in eGFR from baseline or a sustained decline in eGFR of > 5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) was evaluated using the multivariate regression model. Results During the 2.35-year follow-up, the incidence of RFD was 7.30%. The rAIp75 had no statistically independent association with RFD after adjustment for possible confounders (adjusted odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.27, p = 0.074). When stratified according to sex, the rAIp75 was significantly associated with RFD in women, but not in men (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.23[1.06–1.43], p = 0.007 for women, 0.94[0.76–1.16], p = 0.542 for men; p for interaction = 0.038). Conclusion The rAI might help screen for those at high risk of early rapid RFD in women without CKD.

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Renal function trajectories in hepatitis C infection: differences between renal healthy and chronic kidney disease individuals

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96782-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cheng-Kai Hsu ◽

Tai-Shuan Lai ◽

Yih-Ting Chen ◽

Yi-Ju Tseng ◽

Chin-Chan Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Normal Renal Function ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Subgroup Analyses ◽

Egfr Decline

AbstractAssociations between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported; however, differences of renal progression between general and CKD population remain to be elucidated in prospective studies. A total of 1179 participants, who have tested for anti-HCV antibody, were enrolled and prospectively followed for 3 years. The risks associated with HCV infection, in terms of incidence of CKD, annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes and 50% decline of eGFR at 3-year from baseline, were compared between normal renal function subjects and CKD patients. Overall, 111 of 233 (47.6%) CKD patients and 167 of 946 (17.7%) non-CKD subjects had HCV infection. The crude incidence rates of CKD were 226.9 per 1000 person-years and 14.8 per 1000 person-years in in HCV and non-HCV infected patients, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio of HCV infection for incident CKD was 7.9 (95% CI 5–12.7). The HCV-infected normal renal function subjects were independently associated with increased risks of eGFR decline in the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year, respectively. The risk associations remained significant in 50% decline of eGFR at 3 years models and in different subgroup analyses. The increases of risks of eGFR decline were also notorious among overall HCV-infected CKD patients. However, the risk associations were less prominent in subgroup analyses (elderly, women and diabetic patients). The findings highlighted the importance of viral diagnosis with not only prognostic but also public health implications for preserving kidney function.

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Uremic Toxins and Frailty in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Molecular Insight

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22126270 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 6270

Author(s):

Chia-Ter Chao ◽

Shih-Hua Lin

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Uremic Toxins ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Uremic Toxin ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Cognitive Frailty ◽

Renal Function Decline

The accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) is a prototypical manifestation of uremic milieu that follows renal function decline (chronic kidney disease, CKD). Frailty as a potential outcome-relevant indicator is also prevalent in CKD. The intertwined relationship between uremic toxins, including small/large solutes (phosphate, asymmetric dimethylarginine) and protein-bound ones like indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), and frailty pathogenesis has been documented recently. Uremic toxins were shown in vitro and in vivo to induce noxious effects on many organ systems and likely influenced frailty development through their effects on multiple preceding events and companions of frailty, such as sarcopenia/muscle wasting, cognitive impairment/cognitive frailty, osteoporosis/osteodystrophy, vascular calcification, and cardiopulmonary deconditioning. These organ-specific effects may be mediated through different molecular mechanisms or signal pathways such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), osterix, Notch signaling, autophagy effectors, microRNAs, and reactive oxygen species induction. Anecdotal clinical studies also suggest that frailty may further accelerate renal function decline, thereby augmenting the accumulation of UTs in affected individuals. Judging from these threads of evidence, management strategies aiming for uremic toxin reduction may be a promising approach for frailty amelioration in patients with CKD. Uremic toxin lowering strategies may bear the potential of improving patients’ outcomes and restoring their quality of life, through frailty attenuation. Pathogenic molecule-targeted therapeutics potentially disconnect the association between uremic toxins and frailty, additionally serving as an outcome-modifying approach in the future.

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Prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation increases proportionally with renal function decline, beginning from early stages of chronic kidney disease

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000008476 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 96 (44) ◽

pp. e8476 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jong H. Jhee ◽

Eun Lee ◽

Min-Uk Cha ◽

Misol Lee ◽

Hyoungnae Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

Early Stages ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

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Aortic Stiffness Is Independently Associated With Rate of Renal Function Decline in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.143024 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 1110-1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

Martin L. Ford ◽

Laurie A. Tomlinson ◽

Thomas P.E. Chapman ◽

Chakravarthi Rajkumar ◽

Stephen G. Holt

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Aortic Stiffness ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

Disease Stages

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Effect of Renamezin upon attenuation of renal function decline in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: 24-week prospective observational cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252186

Author(s):

Hayne Cho Park ◽

AJin Cho ◽

Do Hyoung Kim ◽

Kyu-sang Yun ◽

Juhee Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Function ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Observational Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Observational Cohort Study ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

Observational Cohort

Renamezin® is a modified capsule-type oral spherical adsorptive carbon which lowers indoxyl sulfate levels in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). This 24-week prospective observational cohort study was performed to evaluate the effect of Renamezin® upon attenuation of renal function decline. A total of 1,149 adult patients with baseline serum creatinine 2.0–5.0 mg/dL were enrolled from 22 tertiary hospital in Korea from April 2016 to September 2018. Among them, a total of 686 patients completed the study and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. A total of 1,061 patients were included in the safety analysis. The mean age was 63.5 years and male patients were predominant (63.6%). Most of the patients (76.8%) demonstrated high compliance with study drug (6g per day). After 24 week of treatment, serum creatinine was increased from 2.86±0.72 mg/dL to 3.06±1.15 mg/dL (p<0.001), but estimated glomerular filtration rate was not changed significantly during observation period (22.3±6.8 mL/min/1.73m2 to 22.1±9.1 mL/min/1.73m2, p = 0.243). Patients with age over 65 years old and those under good systolic blood pressure control <130 mmHg were most likely to get benefit from Renamezin® treatment to preserve renal function. A total of 98 (9.2%) patients out of 1,061 safety population experienced 134 adverse events, of which gastrointestinal disorders were the most common. There were no serious treatment-related adverse events. Renamezin® can be used safely to attenuate renal function decline in moderately advanced CKD patients.

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