scholarly journals The Mortality Risk and Socioeconomic Vulnerability Associated with High and Low Temperature in Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7326
Author(s):  
Sida Liu ◽  
Emily Yang Ying Chan ◽  
William Bernard Goggins ◽  
Zhe Huang
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Socioeconomic Vulnerability ◽  
Death Registry

(1) Background: The adverse health effect associated with extreme temperature has been extensively reported in the current literature. Some also found that temperature effect may vary among the population with different socioeconomic status (SES), but found inconsistent results. Previous studies on the socioeconomic vulnerability of temperature effect were mainly achieved by multi-city or country analysis, but the large heterogeneity between cities may introduce additional bias to the estimation. The linkage between death registry and census in Hong Kong allows us to perform a city-wide analysis in which the study population shares virtually the same cultural, lifestyle and policy environment. This study aims to examine and compare the high and low temperature on morality in Hong Kong, a city with a subtropical climate and address a key research question of whether the extreme high and low temperature disproportionally affects population with lower SES. (2) Methods: Poisson-generalized additive models and distributed-lagged nonlinear models were used to examine the association between daily mortality and daily mean temperature between 2007–2015 with other meteorological and confounding factors controlled. Death registry was linked with small area census and area-level median household income was used as the proxy for socioeconomic status. (3) Results: 362,957 deaths during the study period were included in the analysis. The minimum mortality temperature was found to be 28.9 °C (82nd percentile). With a subtropical climate, the low temperature has a stronger effect than the high temperature on non-accidental, cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer deaths in Hong Kong. The hot effect was more pronounced in the first few days, while cold effect tended to last up to three weeks. Significant heat effect was only observed in the lower SES groups, whilst the extreme low temperature was associated with significantly higher mortality risk across all SES groups. The older population were susceptible to extreme temperature, especially for cold. (4) Conclusions: This study raised the concern of cold-related health impact in the subtropical region. Compared with high temperature, low temperature may be considered a universal hazard to the entire population in Hong Kong rather than only disproportionally affecting people with lower SES. Future public health policy should reconsider the strategy at both individual and community levels to reduce temperature-related mortality.

scholarly journals Regional Temperature-Sensitive Diseases and Attributable Fractions in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Xuemei Su ◽  
Yibin Cheng ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Attributable Fraction ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Regional Temperature ◽  
Study Sites

Few studies have been carried out to systematically screen regional temperature-sensitive diseases. This study was aimed at systematically and comprehensively screening both high- and low-temperature-sensitive diseases by using mortality data from 17 study sites in China located in temperate and subtropical climate zones. The distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was applied to quantify the association between extreme temperature and mortality to screen temperature-sensitive diseases from 18 kinds of diseases of eight disease systems. The attributable fractions (AFs) of sensitive diseases were calculated to assess the mortality burden attributable to high and low temperatures. A total of 1,380,713 records of all-cause deaths were involved. The results indicate that injuries, nervous, circulatory and respiratory diseases are sensitive to heat, with the attributable fraction accounting for 6.5%, 4.2%, 3.9% and 1.85%, respectively. Respiratory and circulatory diseases are sensitive to cold temperature, with the attributable fraction accounting for 13.3% and 11.8%, respectively. Most of the high- and low-temperature-sensitive diseases seem to have higher relative risk in study sites located in subtropical zones than in temperate zones. However, the attributable fractions for mortality of heat-related injuries were higher in temperate zones. The results of this research provide epidemiological evidence of the relative burden of mortality across two climate zones in China.

scholarly journals Association between Exposure to Extreme Temperature and Injury at the Workplace

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhyeong Lee ◽  
Wanhyung Lee ◽  
Won-Jun Choi ◽  
Seong-Kyu Kang ◽  
Seunghon Ham
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Occupational Risk Factor ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Low Temperature Exposure

Exposure to extreme temperature is a critical occupational risk factor. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to extreme temperatures and injury at the workplace using data from 92,238 workers (46,175 male and 46,063 female) from the 2014 and 2017 Korean Working Condition Survey. Exposure to extremely high or low temperatures, injury experiences, and personal protective equipment (PPE) wearing behavior were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between exposure to extreme temperature and injury experience. The association between injury experience and PPE wearing behavior was analyzed for each exposure group. After adjusting for individual and occupational factors, the odds ratios (ORs) for injury experience were 2.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78–2.38) and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.44–1.85) in both high and low temperature exposure groups, respectively, and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.15–1.83) for those not wearing PPE when exposed to high temperature. There was no significant association shown with wearing PPE and injury experience in the low temperature exposure group. Exposure to extreme temperature tended to increase the risk of injury, and was higher in workers not wearing PPE in high temperature. PPE that can be worn comfortably in high temperature is needed to prevent occupational injury.

Resistance of Species of the Drosophila Melanogaster Subgroup to Environmental Extremes.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Stanley ◽  
PA Parsons ◽  
GE Spence ◽  
L Weber
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Cosmopolitan Species ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster Subgroup ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Resistance To Heat

Resistance to the extreme stresses of high temperature-desiccation and low temperature were compared among six species of the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. D. melanogaster was the most resistant to all stresses. The cosmopolitan species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, were more resistant to cold stresses than the four endemic species, D. mauritiana, D. teissieri, D. yakuba and D. erecta. D. simulans, D. mauritiana and D. teissieri showed similar resistance to heat and desiccation, while D. yakuba and especially D. erecta were sensitive to these stresses. A prerequisite for the spread of the cosmopolitan species into temperate zones thus appears to have involved a level of resistance to cold stress exceeding that of the endemics. A greater resistance to heat and desiccation stresses, such as that found in D. melanogaster, may also be necessary for the invasion of more extreme environments. All species with the exception of D. erecta and to a lesser extent D. yakuba can survive 6 h at the extreme temperature of 34�C at 95% RH, and in addition most of those flies surviving stresses of this type are fertile. This suggests that these species can survive short stress periods in a humid microhabitat in the wild.

Temperature Effect of Refining Performance by Al-Ti-B (C) Master Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 475-480
Author(s):  
Cong Juan Gao ◽  
Hai Min Ding ◽  
Xiang Fa Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Master Alloy ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Refining Effect ◽  
Master Alloys ◽  
Refining Performance ◽  
Tib2 Particles ◽  
Performance And Mechanism

Refining performance and mechanism of Al-5Ti-1B and Al-5Ti-0.4C master alloys at different temperature were investigated in this paper. The experimental results show that the refining effect of Al-5Ti-0.4C master alloy becomes worse as temperature increasing from 750°C to 1200°C, The refining effect of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy becomes worse as temperature increasing from 750°C to 1000°C. However, when the temperature is above 1000°C, the refining effect of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy recovers gradually as temperature increasing. TiB2 particles with TiAl3 layers are the heterogeneous nucleating cores of α-Al at low temperature. However, TiB2 particles are the heterogeneous nuclei of α-Al at high temperature.

scholarly journals The association between extreme temperature and pulmonary tuberculosis in Shandong Province, China, 2005–2016: a mixed method evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongzhen Chen ◽  
Hua Lu ◽  
Shengyang Zhang ◽  
Jia Yin ◽  
Xuena Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Extreme High Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The effects of extreme temperature on infectious diseases are complex and far-reaching. There are few studies to access the relationship of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with extreme temperature. The study aimed to identify whether there was association between extreme temperature and the reported morbidity of PTB in Shandong Province, China, from 2005 to 2016. Methods A generalized additive model (GAM) was firstly conducted to evaluate the relationship between daily reported incidence rate of PTB and extreme temperature events in the prefecture-level cities. Then, the effect estimates were pooled using meta-analysis at the provincial level. The fixed-effect model or random-effect model was selected based on the result of heterogeneity test. Results Among the 446,016 PTB reported cases, the majority of reported cases occurred in spring. The higher reported incidence rate areas were located in Liaocheng, Taian, Linyi and Heze. Extreme low temperature had an impact on the reported incidence of PTB in only one prefecture-level city, i.e., Binzhou (RR = 0.903, 95% CI: 0.817–0.999). While, extreme high temperature was found to have a positive effect on reported morbidity of PTB in Binzhou (RR = 0.924, 95% CI: 0.856–0.997) and Weihai (RR = 0.910, 95% CI: 0.843–0.982). Meta-analysis showed that extreme high temperature was associated with a decreased risk of PTB (RR = 0.982, 95% CI: 0.966–0.998). However, extreme low temperature was no relationship with the reported incidence of PTB. Conclusion Our findings are suggested that extreme high temperature has significantly decreased the risk of PTB at the provincial levels. The findings have implications for developing strategies to response to climate change.

scholarly journals PERUBAHAN SUHU LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP WAKTU TRIP PADA MINI CIRCUIT BREAKER 6A TIPE C

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Dhelvian Gading Primadhika ◽  
Parjiman ◽  
Djaohar Mochammad ◽  
Himma Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Reference Temperature ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Circuit Breakers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to know about the effect of current rate increasing and ambient temperature change on tripping time miniature circuit breakers 6A type C. In this research using an experimental method approach with the quantitative method. The research subject used five samples new miniature circuit breakers produced by Asian and European brand. The research data collection is carried out by testing using PLN voltage source, linier load and temperature change on chamber to know five samples miniature circuit breakers characteristics tripping time refer to SPLN 108:1993. The research result showed that, current rate increasing to ± 2.55 In and ambient temperature change have an effect on five samples miniature circuit breakers characteristics tripping time, where on reference temperature, different characteristics tripping time for each other however were still within the standard limits SPLN 108:1993. Next on low temperature testing, five samples miniature circuit breakers have change tripping time to be slowed rather than reference temperature testing with deviation MCB A 1.75 until 497.90 second, MCB B 3.81 until 114.89 second, MCB C 2.04 second until 637.42 second, MCB D 0.33 until 1647.96 second, dan MCB E 2.89 until 234.49 second. Last on high temperature testing five samples miniature circuit breakers have change tripping time to be faster rather than reference temperature testing with deviation MCB A 2.63 until 396.93 second, MCB B 2.78 until 251.96 second, MCB C 5.79 second until 775.25 second, MCB D 8.27 until 339.49 second, dan MCB E 3.86 until 95.02 second. Based on this research result, each increase current rate flow through miniature circuit breakers, than miniature circuit breakers tripping time to be faster. When miniature circuit breakers was given low temperature effect, than miniature circuit breakers have change tripping time to be slowed rather than reference temperature. While miniature circuit breakers was given high temperature effect, than miniature circuit breakers have change tripping time to be faster rather than reference temperature.   ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kenaikan besar arus listrik yang disertai dengan perubahan suhu lingkungan terhadap waktu trip pada mini circuit breaker 6A Tipe C. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan pendekatan metode kuantitatif. Subjek penelitian yang akan diteliti adalah MCB yang dalam kondisi baru berjumlah 5 sampel produksi asia maupun eropa. Pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan pengujian menggunakan sumber tegangan PLN, beban linier dan perubahan suhu di chamber pengujian untuk mengetahui karakteristik waktu trip 5 MCB yang mengacu pada SPLN 108:1993. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, peningkatan besar arus hingga ±2.55 In dan perubahan suhu mempunyai pengaruh terhadap karakteristik waktu trip 5 sampel MCB, dimana pada suhu refrensi masing-masing memiliki perbedaan karakteristik waktu trip namun masih dalam batas standar SPLN 108:1993. Lalu pada pengujian dengan suhu rendah, 5 sampel MCB masing-masing mengalami perubahan waktu trip yang lebih lambat dari pengujian pada suhu refrensi dengan deviasi MCB A 1.75 hingga 497.90 detik, MCB B 3.81 hingga 114.89 detik, MCB C 2.04 detik hingga 637.42 detik, MCB D 0.33 hingga 1647.96 detik, dan MCB E 2.89 hingga 234.49 detik. Sedangkan pada pengujian dengan suhu tinggi 5 sampel MCB masing-masing mengalami perubahan waktu trip yang lebih cepat dari pengujian pada suhu refrensi dengan deviasi MCB A 2.63 hingga 396.93 detik, MCB B 2.78 hingga 251.96 detik, MCB C 5.79 detik hingga 775.25 detik, MCB D 8.27 hingga 339.49 detik, dan MCB E 3.86 hingga 95.02 detik. Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan di dapatkan hasil semakin besar arus yang melewati MCB maka akan lebih cepat MCB akan trip. Lalu dengan di beri pengaruh suhu rendah, maka MCB akan lebih lambat untuk trip. Sedangkan dengan di beri pengaruh suhu tinggi, maka MCB akan lebih cepat untuk trip.

High Temperature Sintered Interconnects Formed by Transient Liquid Phase Sintering

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 000951-000956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Greve ◽  
F. Patrick McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Transient Liquid Phase ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Transient Liquid Phase Sintering

Low Temperature Transient Liquid Phase Sintering (LT-TLPS) enables the formation of joints robust to high temperatures at low process temperatures. TLPS systems consist of one or more low temperature constituents (i.e. Sn) and one or more high temperature constituents (i.e. Cu). The sinter joints are formed by intermetallic compound formation between these constituents. In this paper a paste based LT-TLPS approach is demonstrated. The organic binders and fluxes used to mix the pastes prevent the metal particles from oxidation and facilitate a vacuum-free process in air without the need of a reducing atmosphere. Pastes based on the Cu-Sn system have been developed enabling a completely pressure-less process. Furthermore sinter pastes for LT-TLPS at low pressure (<0.5MPa) applied during the initial stage of the sintering process have been developed which form almost void free joints. To assess the strength of the sintered joints a high-temperature shear fixture has been designed. Shear tests have been performed at 25°C, 400°C, and 600°C to characterize the influence of high temperature conditions on the joint performance. The shear strength of the joints formed without pressure has been assessed for different Cu-to-Sn ratios at all temperature levels. It is shown that the maximum application temperature and shear strength depends on the ratio of low melting temperature and high melting temperature constituents. The pastes introduced here can be used to form joints resilient to application temperatures of up to 600°C. They show the potential to form joints for reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions.

scholarly journals Inconsistent variation of return periods of temperature extremum in China and its projection based on CMIP6 results

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyuan Kuang ◽  
Danqing Huang ◽  
Ying Huang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Huai River Basin ◽  
Huai River ◽  
Temperature Extremum

AbstractIncreasingly extreme temperature events under global warming can have considerable impacts on sectors such as industrial activities, health, and transportation, suggesting that risk for these kinds of events under climate change and its regional sensitivity should be reassessed. In this study, the observation and multi-model simulations from CMIP6 are comprehensively used to explore the regional differences of the extreme temperature response to climate change from the perspective of return period (RP). The Gumbel model of generalized extremum distribution is applied to estimate the RP for the annual extremum of temperature based on Gaussian distribution of daily temperature. The analysis on the observation in selected three sites indicates that the regional inconsistency of RP variation is not only existed in extreme high temperature (HTx) but also in low temperature (LTn) during the past several decades. The annual amplitude of temperature extremum in the Northeast China is enlarged with summer becoming hotter and winter becoming colder while the opposite situation is detected in Huang-Huai River Basin with cooler summer and relatively stable winter, and South China is characterized by hotter summer and slight warmer winter. From the spatial distribution of the HTx and LTn variations of fix RP, it is found that the Northeast China and Jiang-Huai River Basin is the most sensitive areas, respectively, in the response of extreme low temperature and high temperature to global warming. However, the regional inconsistency of the extreme temperature change is only observed under SSP1-2.6 scenario in the CMIP6 simulation but gradually disappeared from SSP2-4.5 to SSP5-8.5.

Exsolution and inversion in pigeonite from the Whin Sill, Northern England

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
P.P.K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Antiphase Boundaries ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nucleation Mechanisms ◽  
And Inversion

Grains of pigeonite, a calcium-poor silicate mineral of the pyroxene group, from the Whin Sill dolerite have been ion-thinned and examined by TEM. The pigeonite is strongly zoned chemically from the composition Wo8En64FS28 in the core to Wo13En34FS53 at the rim. Two phase transformations have occurred during the cooling of this pigeonite:- exsolution of augite, a more calcic pyroxene, and inversion of the pigeonite from the high- temperature C face-centred form to the low-temperature primitive form, with the formation of antiphase boundaries (APB's). Different sequences of these exsolution and inversion reactions, together with different nucleation mechanisms of the augite, have created three distinct microstructures depending on the position in the grain.In the core of the grains small platelets of augite about 0.02μm thick have farmed parallel to the (001) plane (Fig. 1). These are thought to have exsolved by homogeneous nucleation. Subsequently the inversion of the pigeonite has led to the creation of APB's.

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