scholarly journals Acrylamide in Bakery Products: A Review on Health Risks, Legal Regulations and Strategies to Reduce Its Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4332
Author(s):  
Cristina Sarion ◽  
Georgiana Gabriela Codină ◽  
Adriana Dabija
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Chemical Hazard ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Dietary Acrylamide ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
Motor Abnormalities

Acrylamide is a contaminant as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 and as such, it is considered a chemical hazard in the food chain. The toxicity of acrylamide has been acknowledged since 2002, among its toxicological effects on humans being neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Acrylamide has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group, with human exposure leading to progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems characterized by cognitive and motor abnormalities. Bakery products (bread, crispbread, cakes, batter, breakfast cereals, biscuits, pies, etc.) are some of the major sources of dietary acrylamide. The review focuses on the levels of acrylamide in foods products, in particular bakery ones, and the risk that resulting dietary intake of acrylamide has on human health. The evolving legislative situation regarding the acrylamide content from foodstuffs, especially bakery ones, in the European Union is discussed underlining different measures that food producers must take in order to comply with the current regulations regarding the acrylamide levels in their products. Different approaches to reduce the acrylamide level in bakery products such as the use of asparginase, calcium salts, antioxidants, acids and their salts, etc., are described in detail.

scholarly journals Agricultural and food wholesale and retail trade in the intra-community trade

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
M. Záboj
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Food Retailing ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Wholesale Trade ◽  
Contemporary Situation ◽  
The Eu

The paper focuses on the evaluation of the contemporary situation of two economic sectors in the frame of the European Union, namely the wholesale and retail of agricultural and food products. For these industries, the structural profile with the indicators of turnover, value added and employment was elaborated. Hereafter the costs, productivity and profitability indicators ranking of the top 5 Member States were compared to the EU-25 averages. After a 3.1% increase in the turnover index in 2000, the evolution of sales for the agricultural wholesaling sector recorded a series of small increases and decreases in the turnover, ranging from – 0.6% in 2002 to 1.5% in 2004. Between 2000 and 2005, the agricultural wholesaling sector generally recorded a slower rate of expansion for turnover than the wholesale trade average. The specialised in-store food retailing sector generated EUR 120.4 billion of turnover in 2003. The wealth creation of the specialised in-store food retailing was valued at EUR 23.8 billion; equivalent to 6.5% of the retail trade and repair total, while this activity employed 1.4 million persons, some 9.0% of the retail trade and repair workforce. Half (49.9%) of the turnover in the specialised in-store food retailing sector in the EU was generated by enterprises selling fruit, vegetables, meat, fish or bakery products.

A Rule of Reason Approach for Passive Minority Interests within the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos E. Zevgolis ◽  
Panagiotis N. Fotis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Rule Of Reason ◽  
Merger Regulation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
Minority Interests

Abstract In this interdisciplinary paper we analyze the anticompetitive effects and the practicability and applicability of passive (non-controlling) minority interests within the existing Merger Regulation system [Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation), OJ L 24/1]. The empirical evidences from existing economic literature and case law show that the existence of an enforcement gap in European Union competition law regarding the anticompetitive effects of non-controlling minority interests has not been confirmed so far. Therefore, there is no space, at least to date, for a per se ruling in the European Union Law for the assessment of passive minority interests, but for a Rule of Reason approach, based on a case by case analysis. The Commission should continue to investigate non-controlling transactions and, in the future, an ex post assessment/quantification of their anticompetitive effects, based on existing (or settled) case law and economic theory, should be at the core of its agenda.

Review of the Safety Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) with Particular Reference to Reproductive Toxicity

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M. Battershill
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Ah Receptor ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Toxicological Mechanism

1 The methods used to evaluate the toxicological effects of PCBs in animals have been reviewed. 2 The data show that Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) could be developed to assess the potential toxicity of PCB mixtures for certain specific target organ effects (such as the liver and immune system) but would be inappropriate for other effects (e.g. thyroid function and neurochemical effects). More data on a wider range of individual PCB congeners and a method for systematically balancing toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic data are required before the TEF approach can be fully evaluated. 3 With the exception of the teratogenic effects seen in mice and the anti-oestrogenic effects reported in in vitro studies, there are insufficient data on individual PCB congeners to evaluate the structure-activity relationships for the effects of PCBs on reproduction. The data also show that individual PCBs may have opposing effects on a particular aspect of reproduction (for example individual PCB congeners may have either oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic effects). Studies with individual PCB congeners have shown both enhancement and antagonism of the teratogenic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the mouse. It is not possible to use TEFs to evaluate the reproductive effects of PCBs. 4 The mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of PCBs on postnatal neurobehavioural development in rodents and monkeys have not been elucidated. At least two groups of PCBs which might be responsible for the observed effects have been identified in this review, one affecting the dopaminergic system and the other group affecting thyroid hormone levels. Considerably more research would be required before the TEF approach could be applied to the effects of PCBs on postnatal neurobehavioural development. This would include research on an appropriate animal model to determine whether the critical toxicological mechanism is mediated through the Ah receptor. 5 The reproductive toxicity of complex PCB mixtures such as those found in foods will depend on the identities and relative proportions of individual PCB congeners in the mixture. It is not possible to give an accurate estimate of a NOAEL or LOAEL from the reproduction studies using commercial PCB mixtures which could be readily applied to the safety assessment of PCBs present as contaminants in food. 6 It is concluded that the data presented in this paper support the hypothesis that there is no satisfactory method derived from the available studies in laboratory animals for evaluating the potential risk of adverse effects on reproduction posed by contamination of foods with PCBs.

The New Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 on the Implementation of the Rules on Competition

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Müller
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Courts ◽  
National Competition ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Antitrust Regulation ◽  
Direct Applicability ◽  
European Competition Law

AbstractThe new Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Article 81 and 82 of the EC-Treaty, which came into force on 1 May 2004, brings fundamental changes in the application of European competition law. It replaces the Antitrust-Regulation No. 17 which has been in force for more than 40 years. Regulation No. 1/2003 establishes a system of direct applicability of Article 81(3) EC-Treaty, which abandons the requirement of notification as a key element of the old system under Regulation No. 17. Under the new scheme set up by Regulation No. 1/2003 Article 81(3) will be directly applicable. This enables national competition authorities and national courts to apply Article 81 and 82 of the EC-Treaty in their entirety, including paragraph 3 of Article 81. Although the new regulation is to be considered as an important step in strengthening and reinforcing European competition policy, in particular in view of the enlargement of the European Union, the numerous changes involve uncertainties which call for adjustment. The following article gives an overview of the new enforcement system for Articles 81 and 82 of the EC-Treaty, set up by Regulation No. 1/2003.

scholarly journals Council Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009: state of the art and its application in a local health unit in Piedmont, Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginevra Paolucci ◽  
Daniela Cagnasso ◽  
Francesco Cassani ◽  
Daniele Pattono
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Local Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Local Health Unit ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
Economic Nature

In the last decade, the European Union has reinforced the concept of animal welfare throughout the food chain, from breeding to slaughtering. Studies and assessments of economic nature led to the adoption of Regulation EC 1099/2009 and at the end of 2014 this regulation will be applied to all the members involved in the food chain. For this reason several local health units organized different initiatives. The local health unit of Turin no. 4 (ASLTO4) has developed a project aimed to train food business operators (FBO) to fulfill all the criteria developed in this Regulation. This initiative was divided into four steps: i) communication to the companies about the criteria of the new regulation; ii) a training course for official veterinarians; iii) slaughterhouse audits in order to get information about animal welfare; iv) and a training course for the personnel involved in slaughterhouses. The purpose of this paper was to report the results of the audits in order to identify critical points of structural, instrumental and documentary facilities. Then, the results can be compared with similar studies in order to develop common strategies and intervention areas.

scholarly journals Legal Foundations for Exporting Dual-Use Goods from the European Union

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Slepak
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Regulation ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The paper is devoted to the examination of the main aspects of the legal regulation of exporting dual-use goods in the EU under Council Regulation (EU) No. 428/2009 of 5 May 2009. The main objective of the instrument under consideration is to establish a system common for EU Member States to control effectively the export of dual-use goods in order to ensure compliance of EU member States with international obligations, especially with regard to the regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The author concludes that the current Regulation on export of dual-use goods is a logical extension and continuation of the EU instruments regulating arms trade with the third countries that pursues the same objectives, i.e. to implement the international legal obligations of the EU Member States assumed under multilateral control and non-proliferation regimes. Under the selected regulatory model, the EU failed to take the opportunity of replacing relevant national regulation; the Dual-Use Export Regulation defines a general framework, leaving it to Member States to take certain measures aimed at promoting an EU-wide approach. It is up to Member States to establish an appropriate control system for transactions, involving dual-use products, carried out by their nationals and legal entities. On the one hand, it allows the authorities of Member States, due to their proximity to economic entities, to take into account to a greater extent the characteristics of the national market. On the other hand, such a system leads to discrepancies in the practice of applying, in theory at least, uniform measures for the whole Union. Thus, even with the legal basis for independent and exclusive regulation of the export of dual-use products, the EU has faced with the unwillingness of Member States to adopt such restrictions and had to focus on coordinating the activities of Member States, leaving them with a considerable degree of independence and autonomy.

scholarly journals International Child Abduction in the European Union: the Solutions Incorporated by the Council Regulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-364
Author(s):  
Mónica Herranz Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Hague Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Child Abduction ◽  
International Child ◽  
Council Regulation ◽  
New Community

This paper analyzes the new regulation developed in the European Union aimed at international child abductions. The Hague Convention of 25 October, 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is the instrument that authorities of the contracting States were using to decide about the restitution of the child. The main focus of this article will firstly, study how the Hague Convention of 25 October, 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is going to be put into practice with the Council Regulation (EC) N° 2201/2003; subsequently try to see which are the modifications in the new Community law in relation to the Council Regulation (EC) N° 1347/2000; and finally, we will examine the innovations included in the new Council Regulation.

scholarly journals Correlation between two commercially available PMP-compliant particle number counting systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Piotr PAJDOWSKI ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
System Layout

As a result of increased concern over the toxicological effects of particulate matter (PM) emitted by compression ignition vehicles, the European Union (EU) has introduced a particle number (PN) limit. This represents a significant departure from the traditional gravimetric approach of quantifying PM emissions, and introduces unique challenges to the automotive testing process. The legislation sets certain limits and guidelines for systems designed to quantify particle number emissions, but the legislation currently has some flexibility regarding system layout, operating temperatures, etc. In this work, two commercially available particle counting systems were tested with a variety of Euro 5 light-duty CI vehicles equipped with particulate filters (DPFs). The results indicate a small but reasonably consistent discrepancy between the two systems, with a mean difference of 9.3%. Possible causes of this difference (which was not observed in all cases) are discussed in the context of the current EU light-duty CI PN limit, and possibilities for future research directions are suggested.

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