scholarly journals Alexithymia Is Linked with a Negative Bias for Past and Current Events in Healthy Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6696
Author(s):  
Silvia Barchetta ◽  
Gabriella Martino ◽  
Giuseppe Craparo ◽  
Mohammad A. Salehinejad ◽  
Michael A. Nitsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Current Events ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Tas 20

Although research provides a rich literature about the influence of emotional states on temporal cognition, evidence about the influence of the style of emotion processing, as a personality trait, on temporal cognition is extremely limited. We provide a novel contribution to the field by exploring the relationship between difficulties of identifying and describing feelings and emotions (alexithymia) and time perspective. One hundred and forty-two healthy participants completed an online version of the TAS-20 scale, which measures alexithymia, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, which monitors individual differences in time-orientation regarding the past, present, and future. The results show greater attention to past negative aspects in participants whose TAS-20 score was indicating borderline or manifest alexithymia, as compared to non-alexithymic individuals. Moreover, the higher the TAS-20 score, the higher the tendency was to focus on negative aspects of the past and interpret the present fatalistically. These results suggest that difficulties in identifying and describing feelings and emotions are associated with a negative bias for past and present events. Theoretical and clinical implications of this finding are discussed.

scholarly journals Students’ orientation to the past, present, future and its dependence on their way of self-affirmation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna M. Yevchenko ◽  
Andrii M. Masliuk ◽  
Nataliia M. Podolyak ◽  
Olena L. Girchenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

For a person to realize their self-improvement, they need to develop their self-affirmation and social communication the function of which consists in the aspiration of a person to recognition, self-realization, and achievement of role and personality certainty. Due to the importance of this issue, the authors aimed to determine the relationship of self-affirmation strategies with the time perspective of the personality. The study of the profile of the students' time perspective was conducted. It was determined to be close to the optimal ones. Significant correlation was established between the indicators of self-repression strategy and the orientation towards the future. During the study, it was proved that orientation to the negative past is typical of the students with a strategy of self-suppression, constructive self-affirmation strategy coreelates with turning to the positive past. Students with a dominant type of self-affirmation are the most oriented to the future.

scholarly journals Study of psychological time dynamics at the age of youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Valentina I. Volokhova ◽  
Marina I. Koshenova ◽  
Denis M. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Identity Status ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents the current trends analysis of research into the psychological time of personality in foreign and domestic psychology, justified the need to study the dynamics of psychological time at the period of youth at conditional points of bifurcation associated with the forced need to make personal choices: in early and late youth. The reasonability of investigating the relationship of psychological time with personal identity as a predictor of self-realisation or maladaptation of personality at the stage of youth is shown. The pilot study presented in this work is aimed at identifying differences in the content characteristics and structure of psychological time in early and late youth. The ascertaining experiment was conducted with two groups (the total number of participants is 50 people). Diagnostic toolkit: the technique of F. Zimbardo on the time perspective (ZTPI), adapted by A. Syrtsova, the technique Time Experience Scale by E.I. Golovakhi, A.A. Kronik, as well as the technique Identity Status according to Marcia in the modification of the questionnaire G. and R. Aminev. Methods of mathematical statistics: t-Students criterion for independent samples and Pearsons index of linear correlation. The data obtained in the pilot study made it possible to draw conclusions that 1) the meaningful characteristics of psychological time in different periods of youth are not identical, 2) the characteristics of psychological time significantly correlate with the status of personality identity, and such a relationship is more important precisely in the period of early adolescence. The obtained data provided an opportunity to clarify the further direction of research and to outline the necessary ways of psychological support of the person during his youth in the conditions of modern social reality. For the prevention of maladaptation and destructive realization of the personality in the period of youth, targeted work is proposed with the psychological time of the personality, with the adoption of the past and the planning of the future, the determination of priorities, goal setting and the formation of temporal competence.

scholarly journals Caregiving Self-efficacy as a Mediator of Negative Emotional States and Potentially Harmful Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 815-816
Author(s):  
David Hancock ◽  
Sara Czaja ◽  
Richard Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Disruptive Behaviors ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Caregiver Distress ◽  
Multilevel Mediation ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Potentially harmful behaviors (PHB), such as wanting to scream at or hit a care recipient, are more likely when caregivers experience higher levels of stress. The current study expands on this research and identifies caregiving self-efficacy (SE) for dealing with disruptive behaviors as a mediator of the relationship between caregiver distress and PHB. Multilevel mediation models were tested using a sample of 244 caregivers of persons with dementia assessed three times over a one year period. In two separate models, SE mediated the relationship between caregiving burden/depression and the frequency of wanting to yell or scream at the care recipient in the past six months. Individuals with higher levels of depression and burden had lower levels of SE for dealing with disruptive behaviors. As SE decreased, the risk of potentially harmful behaviors increased. This mediation effect occurred at the within and between subject levels of the model. A significant indirect effect at the within-person level suggests that at timepoints where caregivers experienced more distress, they had lower self-efficacy and increased PHBs. Similar effects were observed at the between person level. These data suggest that both caregiver distress and self-efficacy are important intervention targets for minimizing PHBs.

Time Perspective, Awareness of Narrative Identity, and the Perceived Coherence of Past Experiences Among Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
David John Hallford ◽  
Nicholas J. Fava ◽  
David Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Narrative Identity ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balanced Time Perspective ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The ability to mentally project oneself into the past and future is theoretically central to perception of a salient and cohesive narrative identity. Despite these theorized links, to date, the relationship between time perspective and narrative identity has not been empirically studied. We examined the association between these constructs in a sample of 212 participants ( Mage = 28.3 years, SD = 10.9) who completed the Balanced Time Perspective Scale and the Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire (ANIQ). Congruent with our hypotheses, stronger past perspective and a bias for past perspective over future were associated with a stronger awareness of having a narrative identity and the perception of temporal, causal, and thematic coherency of past experiences. When the past and future time perspective scales were examined together as predictors of the ANIQ subscales, past time perspective emerged as a significant predictor of stronger awareness of a narrative identity through dimensions of perceived coherence of past experiences, whereas future time perspective was a weak, direct predictor of lower awareness. The findings indicate that individual differences in time perspective, and in particular a bias for past time perspective, are associated with a potentially more adaptive perception of narrative identity.

Core Module 3: Introduction to Emotion-Focused Behavioral Experiments

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Jill Ehrenreich-May ◽  
Sarah M. Kennedy ◽  
Jamie A. Sherman ◽  
Emily L. Bilek ◽  
Brian A. Buzzella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Levels ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Core Module ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Focus

Chapter 3 introduces the idea of taking “opposite” or different actions from those that have been maladaptive during intense emotional states in the past. This concept is reinforced by the adolescent engaging in a series of “behavioral experiments” to demonstrate the tolerability of such opposite actions. The adolescent is taught to identify enjoyable activities that he or she can engage in during emotion-focused behavioral experiments. The client then tracks emotion and activity levels and is encouraged to recognize the relationship between the two. The initial focus is on opposite actions for sadness, withdrawal, and depression, but emotion-focused behavioral experiments can be extended to other emotions during this module as well.

scholarly journals Remembering events and representing time

Synthese ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Episodic memory—memory for personally experienced past events—seems to afford a distinctive kind of cognitive contact with the past. This makes it natural to think that episodic memory is centrally involved in our understanding of what it is for something to be in the past, or to be located in time—that it is either necessary or sufficient for such understanding. If this were the case, it would suggest certain straightforward evidential connections between temporal cognition and episodic memory in nonhuman animals. In this paper, I argue that matters are more complicated than this. Episodic memory is memory for events and not for the times they occupy. As such, it is dissociable from temporal understanding. This is not to say that episodic memory and temporal cognition are unrelated, but that the relationship between them cannot be straightforwardly captured by claims about necessity and sufficiency. This should inform our theoretical predictions about the manifestations of episodic memory in nonhuman behaviour.

Sound and Meaning in Recordings of Schubert's “Die junge Nonne”

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Leech-Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Performance History ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Musical Sounds ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recorded Performance

Musicology's growing interest in performance brings it closer to musical science through a shared interest in the relationship between musical sounds and emotional states. However, the fact that musical performance styles change over time implies that understandings of musical compositions change too. And this has implications for studies of music cognition. While the mechanisms by which musical sounds suggest meaning are likely to be biologically grounded, what musical sounds signify in specific performance contexts today may not always be what they signified in the past, nor what they will signify in the future. Studies of music cognition need to take account of performance style change and its potential to inflect conclusions with cultural assumptions. The recorded performance history of Schubert's “Die junge Nonne” offers examples of significant change in style, as well as a range of radically contrasting views of what the song's text may mean. By examining details of performances, and interpreting them in the light of work on music perception and cognition, it is possible to gain a clearer understanding of how signs of emotional state are deployed in performance by singers. At the same time, in the absence of strong evidence as to how individual performances were understood in the past, we have to recognise that we can only speak with any confidence for our own time.

scholarly journals Does deviation from a balanced time perspective meaningfully relate to alcohol use and symptoms of anxiety and depression? Comparing results using DBTP and DBTP-r

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. McKay ◽  
Jon C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balanced Time Perspective ◽  
Mental Health Symptomatology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Influence Behavior ◽  
Better Than

AbstractTime perspective research examines the way in which thoughts and/or feelings about the past, present, and future influence behavior, and deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) has been suggested to be functionally disadvantageous. Recently a revised formula (DBTP-r) was suggested for the derivation of DBTP scores. The present study examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol use and both symptoms of anxiety and depression, with scores on the DBTP and the DBTP-r. Participants (N = 940, 48.09% Male) were recruited as part of a University project and completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. In analyses adjusted for age and sex, DBTP and DBTP-r performed similarly in relation to mental health symptomatology, while only DBTP-r was significantly related to alcohol use. In more adjusted models, more variance was explained in DBTP-r models although neither DBTP score was significantly related to either alcohol use or symptomatology scores when they were operationalised categorically. DBTP-r appears to discriminate better than DBTP, with the caveat that this is the first study to compare them.

scholarly journals Emoji Emotional States: Classification on the Valence and Arousal Axes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Kutsuzawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Umemura ◽  
Koichiro Eto ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Positive Sentiment ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
The One ◽  
Negative Sentiment ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one’s emotional states, and have recently been applied to the research field to assess the same. However, the details of how they correspond to the human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand how emojis are classified on the valence and arousal axes, and to examine the relationship between the former and the human emotional states. In an online survey of 1,082 participants, a nine-point scale was employed to evaluate the valence and arousal levels of 74 facial emojis. The cluster analysis revealed these emojis to be categorized into six different clusters on the two axes of valence and arousal. Further, the one-way analysis of variance indicated these clusters as having six valence and three arousal levels. From these results, each cluster was interpreted as (1) a strong negative sentiment, (2) a moderately negative sentiment, (3) a neutral sentiment with negative bias, (4) a neutral sentiment with positive bias, (5) a moderately positive sentiment, and (6) a strong positive sentiment. Therefore, facial emojis were found to comprehensively express the human emotional states.

scholarly journals HOPE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

he perception of oneself and the world that is based on hope coexists not only with focus on various aspects of earthly existence but also with extending beyond the lifetime, with initiating the transcendent- and transcendental time perspective. The purpose of our studies is to analyse the relationship between hope and time perspective, belief in life-after-death and the prospect of future beyond earthly existence. Hope provides the basis for our existence and attitude towards the world, but also acts as a factor that stimulates our thinking about the future and implementation of earlier projects despite obstacles. Therefore, in the studies, a hypothesis has been posed that a higher level of basic hope characterises persons with higher level of future time perspective as well as with belief in life-after-death and transcendent- and transcendental-future. Furthermore, in accordance with the Snyder’s concept of hope, the relationship between the level of hope and the time. The study was carried out among 242 participants aged 16-78 (M = 38.45; SD = 15.1), including 114 men and 128 women. The participants were asked to define their attitude towards life-after-death and to complete questionnaires determining their level of Basic Hope (BHI-12), Goal-Directed Hope (KNS) as well as Time Perspective (ZPTI) and Future beyond earthly existence (KPTT). There are differences between persons having different attitudes towards Life-After-Death in the level of Basic Hope (F (2.238) = 12.7, p<0.01), on the Future scale of ZPTI (F = 4.29; p = 0.015) and on the Transcendent-Future and Transcendental-Future scales of KPTT. Hope is related to a changeable level of the Time Perspective. It has been noted that there is a relationships between Basic Hope and all scales of attitude towards the past, present, and the future. Goal-Directed Hope is most strongly associated with Past-Positive and Future.

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