scholarly journals Biotransformation of α-Acetylbutyrolactone in Rhodotorula Strains

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Wanda Mączka ◽  
Katarzyna Wińska ◽  
Małgorzata Grabarczyk ◽  
Barbara Żarowska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Solvent Volume

Due to its structural similarity, the α’-1′-hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone obtained by reduction of (±)-α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone may have a similar function in the body to γ-butyrolactone (GBL). In the work presented, biotransformation of α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone by three Rhodotorula strains was performed obtaining enantiomerically enriched alcohol. The process was carried out in growing and resting cultures. We studied how both media composition and organic solvent volume affected stereoselectivity and effectiveness of biotransformation. After 2 h, the enantiomerically pure (3R, 1′S)-α’-1′-hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone was obtained using the R. marina AM77 strain in YPG (Yeast extract-Peptone-Glucose) medium enriched with 5% glycerol. To our best knowledge there is no previous information in the literature about the (±)-α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone biotransformation performed in medium with addition of organic and deep eutectic solvents.

scholarly journals Role of Structural and Non-Structural Proteins and Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Rohitash Yadav ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Neeraj Jain ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Supriya Khanra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Molecular Assembly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, comprising single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (+ ssRNA) of around 26 to 32 kilobases, and has been known to cause infection to a myriad of mammalian hosts, such as humans, cats, bats, civets, dogs, and camels with varied consequences in terms of death and debilitation. Strikingly, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and found to be the causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), shows 88% of sequence identity with bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, 79% with SARS-CoV and 50% with MERS-CoV, respectively. Despite key amino acid residual variability, there is an incredible structural similarity between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. During infection, spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV displays 10–20 times greater affinity for its cognate host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading proteolytic cleavage of S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Following cellular entry, the ORF-1a and ORF-1ab, located downstream to 5′ end of + ssRNA genome, undergo translation, thereby forming two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. These polyproteins, following protease-induced cleavage and molecular assembly, form functional viral RNA polymerase, also referred to as replicase. Thereafter, uninterrupted orchestrated replication-transcription molecular events lead to the synthesis of multiple nested sets of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs), which are finally translated to several structural and accessory proteins participating in structure formation and various molecular functions of virus, respectively. These multiple structural proteins assemble and encapsulate genomic RNA (gRNA), resulting in numerous viral progenies, which eventually exit the host cell, and spread infection to rest of the body. In this review, we primarily focus on genomic organization, structural and non-structural protein components, and potential prospective molecular targets for development of therapeutic drugs, convalescent plasm therapy, and a myriad of potential vaccines to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium on the synthesis of fatty acids by the yeast Candida bogoriensis

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Cutler ◽  
Robley J. Light
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Triglyceride Fraction ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Stimulation Of

The yeast Candida bogoriensis produced large quantities of an extracellular glycolipid, the diacetyl sophoroside of 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid, when grown on a standard glucose rich medium (3% glucose, 0.15% yeast extract), but not when grown on a low glucose medium (0.5% glucose, 0.4% yeast extract) (A. J. Cutler and R. J. Light. 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 1944–1950). Glucose levels also affected the quantity and distribution of the free fatty acid and triglyceride fractions synthesized by this organism. Cells grown on the low glucose medium contained palmitate and stearate as the major fatty acids in these two fractions, and a 3-h incubation with [1-14C]acetate led primarily to the labeling of these two acids. Cells grown on the standard enriched glucose medium contained relatively less stearate and more behenate than the low glucose grown cells, and the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into stearate was decreased, while that into behenate was increased.Supplementation of low glucose grown cells with glucose led to a rapid stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, primarily palmitate and stearate in the free fatty acid fraction and stearate in the triglyceride fraction. Total triglyceride began to increase a few hours after supplementation, but synthesis of the extracellular glycolipid, and hence 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid, did not occur until 12–24 h after supplementation. The stimulation by glucose of long chain fatty acid synthesis in C. bogoriensis was therefore a process distinct from the glucose stimulation of palmitate and stearate synthesis, though the two events may be causally related.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking study of animate objects

Psihologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanja Kovic ◽  
Kim Plunkett ◽  
Gert Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The Body

This study involved presentation of animate objects under labeling and non-labeling conditions and examination of participants' looking pattern across these conditions. Results revealed a surprisingly consistent way in which adults look at the pictures of animate objects. The head/eyes of the animals were a typical region attracting a number of fixations, but also some other parts of animals (e.g. the tail in cats, or the udder in cows and the body in snakes). Furthermore, not only did participants tend to look at similar regions of the pictures of animate objects, but also the looking order to these regions was consistent across participants. However, contrary to the original predictions, these patterns of fixations were similar across the naming and non-naming conditions ('Look at the <target>!', 'Look at the picture!' and 'What's this?', respectively), which led to the conclusion that participants' consistency in processing animate objects was not reflecting underlying mental representation evoked by labels, but was rather driven by the structural similarity of animate objects, in particular the presence of a head.

scholarly journals Yeast-Mediated Stereoselective Reduction of α-Acetylbutyrolactone

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Mączka ◽  
Katarzyna Wińska ◽  
Małgorzata Grabarczyk ◽  
Barbara Żarowska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Ester Group ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Optically Pure ◽  
Diastereomeric Excess

α’-1’-Hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone—a product of reduction of α-acetylbutyrolactone possesses two stereogenic centres and two reactive functionalities (an alcohol and an ester group). Additionally, this compound has a similar structure to γ-butyrolactone (GBL) which is psychoactive. In the present work, biotransformation using seven yeast strains was used to obtain anti stereoisomers of α’-1’-hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone. The process was carried out in both growing and resting culture. The effect of media composition and organic solvent addition on stereoselectivity and effectiveness of biotransformation was also studied. After one day of transformation, optically pure (3R,1’R)-hydroxylactone was obtained by means of Yarrowia lipolytica P26A in YPG medium (yeast extract (1%), peptone (2%) and glucose (2%)). In turn, the use of resting cells culture of Candida viswanathi AM120 in the presence of 10% DES (deep eutectic solvent) allowed us to obtain a (3S,1’S)-enantiomer with de = 85% (diastereomeric excess) and ee 76% (enantiomeric excess).

scholarly journals Estimation of Minimum Sterol 14α-Demethylation-Inhibitory Concentration of Azoles in Candida Yeasts Using Acetate-Mediated Growth Inhibition: Potential Utility in Susceptibility Testing

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2893-2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Shimokawa ◽  
Hiroaki Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Total Inhibition

We have recently shown that 14α-demethylation-deficient cells ofCandida albicans are subject to growth arrest by 0.24 M acetate in a yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium and that the minimum concentration of an azole antifungal agent required for total inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylation (MDIC for minimum demethylation-inhibitory concentration) is practically identical to its MIC determined in the acetate-supplemented medium (O. Shimokawa and H. Nakayama, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:100–105, 1999). In the present study we estimated the MDICs of three different azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole) for strains of variousCandida species using this method and compared them with the MICs determined in the corresponding acetate-free medium. The results demonstrated that the test strains were divided into two classes. One class of strains was characterized by tolerance to 14α-demethylation deficiency (MIC > MDIC) and consisted of strains of C. albicans, C. guilliermondii,C. kefyr, and C. tropicalis. The other class was intolerant to 14α-demethylation deficiency (MIC ≈ MDIC) and comprised strains of C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis. We also showed that replacement of the yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium with RPMI 1640 medium did not affect the results substantially. Furthermore, the 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) in RPMI 1640 medium, recommended as a substitute for the conventional MIC in susceptibility testing, was found to be close to the MDIC.

Pengujian Beberapa Varietas Jamur Tiram Pada Kombinasi Mediaserbuk Ampas Tebu Dan Serbuk Gergajian Dengan Penambahan Molase Dan Limbah Ampas Tahu.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Ryan Fajar Sidik Siregar ◽  
Erwin Pane ◽  
Siti Mardiana
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Production

Oyster mushroom is one of the most popular consumed mushrooms and also gives benefit for the body because it contains high nutrition and low fat. The goal of this research was to know and analyse the increase growth of some varieties of oyster mushroom on the bagasse media by adding molasses and tofu dregs. The research method was completely factorial randomized design (RAL Factorial) with two factors. The first factor was the media composition of sawdust and bagasse powder and The second factor was oyster musroom. The data analysis was tested by Anova and continued with duncan test if the results of variance were significantly different to very real. The results showed that the best treatment for mycelium growth on M1 media (100% bagasse + 1% molasses + 6% tofu dregs) with the best combination M2V3 (75% bagasse + 25% sawdust + 1% molasses + tofu dregs 6% on brown oyster mushroom). The largest stem diameter for V1 (white oyster mushroom) was 9.24 cm at the first harvest, and 9.01 cm the second harvest. The best length of the stalk in V3 variety (brown oyster mushroom) was 4.94 cm at the first harvest and 5.11 cm the second harvest. The best treatment on oyster mushroom production showed that variety V1 (white oyster mushroom) showed high production at the first harvest 130.25 grams and the second harvest 132.83 grams.

New Analogues of Aspergillic Acid Derived from Methionine

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Proton Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Media Composition

Aspergillus flavus PRL 932 grown on 2% yeast extract plus 1% methionine produced some compounds which, according to their structures, were probably derived in part or completely from methionine. These included 3-(methylthio)-propionic acid, trans-3-(methylthio)-acrylic acid, and various 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyrazinones (HPY) with 2-(methylthio)-ethyl (MTE) substituents. The latter compounds were identified by proton magnetic resonance and mass spectra as 3,6-di-MTE-HPY, 3-MTE-6-isopropyl-HPY, 3-isobutyl-6-MTE-HPY, 3-MTE-6-isobutyl-HPY, and 3-MTE-6-sec-butyl-HPY.Changes in media composition, including supplementation with either L-leucine, L-isoleucine, or L-valine changed the relative amounts of various HPYs produced. The results indicated that amino acids competed as precursors for the biosynthesis of HPYs and that L-leucine and L-isoleucine were utilized more effectively than was L-methionine.

scholarly journals Effective Extraction of Limonene and Hibaene from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Using Ionic Liquid and Deep Eutectic Solvent

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4271
Author(s):  
Rina Yasutomi ◽  
Riki Anzawa ◽  
Masamitsu Urakawa ◽  
Toyonobu Usuki
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring

The essential oils of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) leaves have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and relaxation properties that are likely associated with the major components such as sabinene, α-terpinyl acetate, limonene, elemol, myrcene, and hibaene. The present study describes the use of a cellulose-dissolving ionic liquid (IL) [C2mim][(MeO)(H)PO2] and low-toxicity solvents called betaine-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the efficient extraction of hinoki essential oils. As a control method, organic solvent extraction was performed using either hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), or acetone at 30 °C for 1 h. Both the experimental and control methods were conducted under the same conditions, which relied on partial dissolution of the leaves using the IL and DESs before partitioning the hinoki oils into the organic solvent for analysis. Quantitative analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The results indicated that extraction using the [C2mim][(MeO)(H)PO2]/acetone bilayer system improved the yields of limonene and hibaene, 1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively, when compared with the control method. In addition, extraction using betaine/l-lactic acid (molar ratio 1:1) gave the greatest yields for both limonene and hibaene, 1.3-fold and 1.5-fold greater, respectively, than when using an organic solvent. These results demonstrate the effective extraction of essential oils from plant leaves under conditions milder than those needed for the conventional method. The less toxic and environmentally begin DESs for the extraction are also applicable to the food and cosmetic industries.

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