scholarly journals Identification of QTL Related to ROS Formation under Hypoxia and Their Association with Waterlogging and Salt Tolerance in Barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Gill ◽  
Fanrong Zeng ◽  
Lana Shabala ◽  
Guoping Zhang ◽  
Min Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Waterlogged Soils ◽  
Dh Lines

Waterlogging is a serious environmental problem that limits agricultural production in low-lying rainfed areas around the world. The major constraint that plants face in a waterlogging situation is the reduced oxygen availability. Accordingly, all previous efforts of plant breeders focused on traits providing adequate supply of oxygen to roots under waterlogging conditions, such as enhanced aerenchyma formation or reduced radial oxygen loss. However, reduced oxygen concentration in waterlogged soils also leads to oxygen deficiency in plant tissues, resulting in an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. To the best of our knowledge, this trait has never been targeted in breeding programs and thus represents an untapped resource for improving plant performance in waterlogged soils. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for ROS tolerance in barley, 187 double haploid (DH) lines from a cross between TX9425 and Naso Nijo were screened for superoxide anion (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—two major ROS species accumulated under hypoxia stress. We show that quantifying ROS content after 48 h hypoxia could be a fast and reliable approach for the selection of waterlogging tolerant barley genotypes. The same QTL on chromosome 2H was identified for both O2•− (QSO.TxNn.2H) and H2O2 (QHP.TxNn.2H) contents. This QTL was located at the same position as the QTL for the overall waterlogging and salt tolerance reported in previous studies, explaining 23% and 24% of the phenotypic variation for O2•− and H2O2 contents, respectively. The analysis showed a causal association between ROS production and both waterlogging and salt stress tolerance. Waterlogging and salinity are two major abiotic factors affecting crop production around the globe and frequently occur together. The markers associated with this QTL could potentially be used in future breeding programs to improve waterlogging and salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals The Status and Threats of Birds: A Case Study of Birds in Nayapul to Ghandruk Area, Kaski, Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Subhas Chandra Bastola
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Bird Population ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
The Status ◽  
Total Species

The purpose of this study is to quantify species diversity of birds in the study area and to explore the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the bird population. This study was carried out by using the fixed point counting method. The study area was situated in Annapurna Rural Municipality of Kaski district. A total of 147 bird species belonging to 46 families and 14 orders were identified in the study area. It was found that Muscicapidae was the largest family and Passeriformes the largest order. Among the reported species, 50% were residents, 31% were full-migrants, 18% were altitudinal migrants and the remaining were 1% nomadic. Habitats of birds included the forest 68%, the scrubland 17 %, the grassland 7% and the wetland 6 % of the study area. Similarly, the rocky area and artificial area covered 1% of the total species. The results showed that most of the bird species i.e. 136 were least concerned, 4 of them were nearly threatened, 3 of them were endangered, 3 were critically endangered and only one species was vulnerable. The most important threats included hunting and trapping, killing for fun, shift in crop production, use of insecticides and pesticides, improved storage devices, habitat destruction, developmental activities, tourism, buried carcasses and predatory.

Critical abiotic factors affecting implementation of technologicalinnovations in rice and wheat production: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kumaraswamy ◽  
P. K. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Prophylactic Measures

Rice and wheat are two major staple food crops in India and worldwide. Over the years the yield potential of the crops has been affected by abiotic factors, which is further projected to increase due to climate change induced environmental adversities. Typically these two crops have different growing conditions, rice requiring high water for cultivation unlike wheat which is water demanding and sensitive to larger variability in temperature regimes. In the recent past drought and disease stress, besides several other stresses, are considered to be critical factors affecting the growth and yield of crops, which is evident in the recent decades. Admittedly, drought stress coupled with biotic stress will further contribute for declining performance of crop varieties and difficult to alleviate even with innovative technological innovations. Few of the technological innovations like high yielding varieties, genetically modified cultivars, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, water conservation strategies and prophylactic measures to avoid the disease/pest outbreak, though with potential to augment the yield losses is affected by the stresses. Attempts have also been made to utilize transgenic technologies to build intrinsic tolerance mechanisms by the plants through alteration to functional genes. However, sustainable technologies like classical breeding approaches and integrated farming principles are also being considered to develop crops adaptation and/or enhance the adaptive mechanisms by aligning with technological interventions. Though, several technologies show promise but constrained by the limitations to achieve ‘one-fits-all’ model to overcome the interactive effects of abiotic stressors. Visibly, the crop growth and yield enhancement through technological innovations is call of the day as climate change induced aggravation of these stressors on crop production is imminent. Skilful integration of technological innovations to suit the local and regional scale crop husbandry systems may have promise to address the abiotic stress to realize economic yield of crops like rice and wheat. The review will argumentatively analyse few critical stressors that limit the successful implementation of technological innovations to sustain the rice/wheat crop production and resilience building in the millennia.

Field hydroponics assessment of salt tolerance in Cenchrus ciliaris (L.): growth, yield, and maternal effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Ruiz ◽  
Edith Taleisnik
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
River Sand

Soil salinity and sodicity have long been major constraints to increasing crop production in many parts of the world. The introduction of salt-tolerant perennial species is one of the most promising alternatives to overcome salinity problems. Cenchrus ciliaris (L.) is a highly drought-tolerant species but there are few available reports on its salt tolerance. The purpose of this work was to assess this trait in two widely used cultivars (Biloela and Texas) and to determine whether cultivation under salinity affected seed germination and plant fitness in the next generation. Trials were performed under field hydroponics conditions. Plants were grown for 5 months in 1000-L PVC boxes containing washed river sand, and were automatically irrigated with a commercial nutrient solution to which NaCl was gradually added to provide to provide average season electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 9, 15, and 19 dS/m. Controls had EC 4 dS/m. Vegetative growth in both cultivars was similarly affected by salinity, and grain yield diminished because of a decreased number of spikelets per plant. Significant growth and yield reductions were registered at EC ~10 dS/m, and growth continued to decrease with a very small slope as salinity increased, indicating that this species has moderate salt tolerance. Salinity decreased seed germination percentage; however, germination was higher in seeds obtained from plants that had been grown under saline conditions for one season. Growth was similar in plants obtained from seeds that originated from non-salinised and salinised plants. These results suggest that persistence of C. ciliaris in saline soils would not be limited by diminishing plant performance but, rather, by grain yield and seed germination.

scholarly journals Imaging Salt Uptake Dynamics in Plants Using PET

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Ariño-Estrada ◽  
Gregory S. Mitchell ◽  
Prasenjit Saha ◽  
Ahmad Arzani ◽  
Simon R. Cherry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Small Animal Pet ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSoil salinity is a global environmental challenge for crop production. Understanding the uptake and transport properties of salt in plants is crucial to evaluate their potential for growth in high salinity soils and as a basis for engineering varieties with increased salt tolerance. Positron emission tomography (PET), traditionally used in medical and animal imaging applications for assessing and quantifying the dynamic bio-distribution of molecular species, has the potential to provide useful measurements of salt transport dynamics in an intact plant. Here we report on the feasibility of studying the dynamic transport of 22Na in millet using PET. Twenty-four green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) plants, 12 of each of two different accessions, were incubated in a growth solution containing 22Na+ ions and imaged at 5 time points over a 2-week period using a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The reconstructed PET images showed clear evidence of sodium transport throughout the whole plant over time. Quantitative region-of-interest analysis of the PET data confirmed a strong correlation between total 22Na activity in the plants and time. Our results showed consistent salt transport dynamics within plants of the same variety and important differences between the accessions. These differences were corroborated by independent measurement of Na+ content and expression of the NHX transcript, a gene implicated in sodium transport. Our results demonstrate that PET can be used to quantitatively evaluate the transport of sodium in plants over time and, potentially, to discern differing salt-tolerance properties between plant varieties. In this paper, we also address the practical radiation safety aspects of working with 22Na in the context of plant imaging and describe a robust pipeline for handling and incubating plants. We conclude that PET is a promising and practical candidate technology to complement more traditional salt analysis methods and provide insights into systems-level salt transport mechanisms in intact plants.

INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO NET BLOTCH IN BARLEY. I. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PENETRANCE AND EXPRESSIVITY OF GENE(S) CONDITIONING HOST RESISTANCE

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Susceptible Parent ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Drechslera Teres ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
High Level

Variability in the host-reaction of barley to infection by Drechslera teres was examined in the parents and progeny of selected crosses under different environmental conditions of testing.The Ethiopian variety C.I. 5791 exhibits a consistently high level of resistance under a range of environmental conditions, which is in contrast to the Manchurian variety C.I. 2330. The sensitivity of the genes for resistance possessed by these varieties to environmental modifications is considered to depend upon their respective genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, variability of host reaction in the progeny of these resistant varieties was shown to be influenced by the genetic background of the susceptible parent used.The implications of these findings in the conduct and interpretation of genetic studies and in backcross breeding programs is discussed.

Future Directions in Instrumentation, Control and Automation in the Water and Wastewater Industry

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy D. Vassos
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water And Wastewater

The need to optimize treatment plant performance and to meet increasingly stringent effluent criteria are two key factors affecting future development of instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) applications in the water and wastewater industry. Two case studies are presented which highlight the need for dynamic modelling and simulation software to assist operations staff in developing effective instrumentation control strategies, and to provide a training environment for the evaluation of such strategies. One of the limiting factors to date in realizing the potential benefits of ICA has been the inability to adequately interpret the large number of existing instrumentation inputs available at treatment facilities. The number of inputs can exceed the number of control loops by up to three orders of magnitude. The integration of dynamic modelling and expert system software is seen to facilitate the interpretation of real-time data, allowing both quantitative (instrumented) and qualitative (operator input) information to be integrated for process control. Improvements in sensor reliability and performance, and the development of biological monitoring sensors and control algorithms are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen and Boron in Seed Yield and Yield Attributing Characters of Broccoli

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
A. Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Pod Length

Plant nutrient is one of the limiting factors affecting crop production. Nitrogen and boron are major nutrients in case of broccoli. So, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and boron in seed yield and yield attributing characters of broccoli in Rampur, Chitwan during winter season. The experiment was laid out in factorial RCBD design with four levels of nitrogen and two levels of boron. Each plot consists of 25 plants which were separated by 60 * 60 cm spacing. There are altogether eight treatments replicates thrice. Local variety Calabrese was used.  Significant effect of different dose of nitrogen and boron on yield attributing characters was found. Also interactive effect of nitrogen and boron in number of pods, pod length, seed yield and number of seeds per pod was found significantly different.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 541-544

scholarly journals Abiotic factors affecting habitat selection by two invasive gammarids Dikerogammarus villosus and Pontogammarus robustoides

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 797 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Kobak ◽  
Łukasz Jermacz ◽  
Joanna Marcińczyk ◽  
Ewa Bartoszyńska ◽  
Daria Rutkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dikerogammarus Villosus ◽  
Pontogammarus Robustoides
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