scholarly journals Formation of α-Farnesene in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Induced by Herbivore-Derived Wounding and Its Effect on Neighboring Tea Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Lanting Zeng ◽  
Yinyin Liao ◽  
Jianlong Li ◽  
Jinchi Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Geranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
And Function

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play important ecological roles in defense against stresses. In contrast to model plants, reports on HIPV formation and function in crops are limited. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important crop in China. α-Farnesene is a common HIPV produced in tea plants in response to different herbivore attacks. In this study, a C. sinensis α-farnesene synthase (CsAFS) was isolated, cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. The CsAFS recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli was able to transform farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into α-farnesene and also convert geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to β-ocimene in vitro. Furthermore, transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana plants indicated that CsAFS was located in the cytoplasm and could convert FPP to α-farnesene in plants. Wounding, to simulate herbivore damage, activated jasmonic acid (JA) formation, which significantly enhanced the CsAFS expression level and α-farnesene content. This suggested that herbivore-derived wounding induced α-farnesene formation in tea leaves. Furthermore, the emitted α-farnesene might act as a signal to activate antibacterial-related factors in neighboring undamaged tea leaves. This research advances our understanding of the formation and signaling roles of common HIPVs in crops such as tea plants.

scholarly journals Scenarios of Genes-to-Terpenoids Network Led to the Identification of a Novel α/β-Farnesene/β-Ocimene Synthase in Camellia sinensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Jieyang Jin ◽  
Shangrui Zhang ◽  
Mingyue Zhao ◽  
Tingting Jing ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Pearson Correlation Analysis ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
And Function

Terpenoids play vital roles in tea aroma quality and plants defense performance determination, whereas the scenarios of genes to metabolites of terpenes pathway remain uninvestigated in tea plants. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolites, target gene transcripts and function analyses to reveal a gene-to-terpene network in tea plants. Forty-one terpenes including 26 monoterpenes, 14 sesquiterpenes and one triterpene were detected and 82 terpenes related genes were identified from five tissues of tea plants. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in genes to metabolites network. One terpene synthases whose expression positively correlated with farnesene were selected and its function was confirmed involved in the biosynthesis of α-farnesene, β-ocimene and β-farnesene, a very important and conserved alarm pheromone in response to aphids by both in vitro enzymatic assay in planta function analysis. In summary, we provided the first reliable gene-to-terpene network for novel genes discovery.

scholarly journals Low Caffeine Content in Novel Grafted Tea with Camellia sinensis as Scions and Camellia oleifera as Stocks

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Wei Deng ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Chen-Chen Gu ◽  
Da-Xiang Li ◽  
Lin-Long Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Caffeine Content ◽  
Caffeine Synthase ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Tea Plants

Caffeine, a purine alkaloid, is a major secondary metabolite in tea leaves. The demand for low caffeine tea is increasing in recent years, especially for health reasons. We report a novel grafted tea material with low caffeine content. The grafted tea plant had Camellia sinensis as scions and C. oleifera as stocks. The content of purine alkaloids was determined in the leaves of one-year-old grafted tea plants by HPLC. We also characterized caffeine synthase (CS), a key enzyme involved in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants, at the expression level. The expression patterns of CS were examined in grafted and control leaves by Western blot, using a self-prepared polyclonal antibody with high specificity and sensitivity. The expression of related genes ( TCS1, tea caffeine synthase gene, GenBank accession No. AB031280; sAMS, SAM synthetase gene, AJ277206; TIDH, IMP dehydrogenase gene, EU106658) in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway was investigated by qRT-PCR. HPLC showed that the caffeine content was only 38% as compared with the non-grafted tea leaves. Immunoblotting analysis showed that CS protein decreased by half in the leaves of grafted tea plants. qRT-PCR revealed no significant changes in the expression of two genes in the upstream pathway ( sAMS and TIDH), while the expression of TCS1 was greatly decreased (50%). Taken together, these data revealed that the low caffeine content in the grafted tea leaves is due to low TCS1 expression and CS protein accumulation.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Its Distributions in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Zhou ◽  
Lanting Zeng ◽  
Yingjuan Chen ◽  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Yinyin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Ga Content

In tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, polyphenols are the representative metabolites and play important roles during their growth. Among tea polyphenols, catechins are extensively studied, while very little attention has been paid to other polyphenols such as gallic acid (GA) that occur in tea leaves with relatively high content. In this study, GA was able to be transformed into methyl gallate (MG), suggesting that GA is not only a precursor of catechins, but also can be transformed into other metabolites in tea plants. GA content in tea leaves was higher than MG content—regardless of the cultivar, plucking month or leaf position. These two metabolites occurred with higher amounts in tender leaves. Using nonaqueous fractionation techniques, it was found that GA and MG were abundantly accumulated in peroxisome. In addition, GA and MG were found to have strong antifungal activity against two main tea plant diseases, Colletotrichum camelliae and Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis. The information will advance our understanding on formation and biologic functions of polyphenols in tea plants and also provide a good reference for studying in vivo occurrence of specialized metabolites in economic plants.

scholarly journals Characterization of Terpene Synthase from Tea Green Leafhopper Being Involved in Formation of Geraniol in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves and Potential Effect of Geraniol on Insect-Derived Endobacteria

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Xiaoyu Liu ◽  
Ziyin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Geraniol Synthase ◽  
Green Leafhopper ◽  
Major Pest

When insects attack plants, insect-derived elicitors and mechanical damage induce the formation and emission of plant volatiles that have important ecological functions and flavor properties. These events have mainly been studied in model plants, rather than crop plants. Our study showed that tea green leafhopper (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda), a major pest infesting tea attack significantly induced the emission of geraniol from tea leaves, but did not affect the crude enzyme activity of geraniol synthase in tea leaves. An enzyme extract of E. (M.) onukii specifically produced geraniol from geraniol diphosphate. Furthermore, a terpene synthase (EoTPS) was isolated from E. (M.) onukii. This terpene synthase was able to convert geraniol diphosphate to geraniol in vitro. In addition, geraniol had in vitro ability to inhibit the growth of Acinetobacter johnsonii that is endobacterial isolated from E. (M.) onukii. This information illustrates that elicitors from piercing-sucking insects can induce the formation of volatiles from crop plants and advances our understanding of the roles of plant volatiles in the interaction among crops-insects-microorganisms.

scholarly journals TRANSFERSOMAL GEL CONTAINING GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) LEAVES EXTRACT: INCREASING IN VITRO PENETRATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Effionora Anwar ◽  
Tahmida Diazputri Utami ◽  
Delly Ramadon
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Green Tea Leaves

Objective: The aim of this study was to increase penetration of EGCG from green tea leaves extract (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntz) through the skin by formulating them into a transfersomal gel.Methods: Transfersomes were prepared by thin-layer hydration method, with different concentration of the extract that equivalent to 1% (F1), 1.5% (F2), and 2% (F3) EGCG. Transfersomes formula with good characteristics would be incorporated into a gel formulation. A gel without transfersomes prepared as a control of comparison. Both of gels were evaluated their physicochemical properties. In vitro penetration test using Franz diffusion cell with the skin of female Sprague-Dawley rats was also performed.Results: The results showed that F1 had the best physicochemical properties. F1 had a spherical shape, Dmean volume at 107.82±0.44 nm, polidispersity index at 0.07±0.01, zeta potential at -40.3±0.10 mV, and entrapment efficiency at 63.16±0.65%. Cumulative amount of EGCG penetrated from transfersomal and non-transfersomal gel were were 1302.63±20.67 μg/cm2 and 414.86±4.40 μg/cm2, resepctively (P<0.05). Flux penetration of transfersomal and non-transfersomal gel were was 57.594±0.91 μg/cm2.h and 36.144±1.22 μg/cm2.h, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that transfersomal gel could increase the in vitro penetration of EGCG from green tea leaves extract compared to non-transfersomal one. 

scholarly journals Isolation and molecular identification of four culturable endophytes from TV22 clone of Camellia sinensis (L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranjal Pratim Das ◽  
Tapas Medhi
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacillus Pumilus ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Moraxella Osloensis ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Tea Mosquito Bug ◽  
Tea Plants

Endophytes are microorganisms presents within plant in asymptomatic manner and often act as a reservoir of novel bioactive secondary metabolites having antimicrobial, anti-insect and other beneficial properties. In absence of any reports on the presence of endophyte and their possible metabolic role in the process of infestation of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) by tea mosquito bug (Halopeltis theivora Waterhouse), the present study was undertaken to trace and isolate them from tea leaves for their molecular characterisation based on 16S rRNA sequencing. In this process, four endophytic bacteria have been identified as Brachybacterium sp. strain TMCS1, Bacillus pumilus strain TMCS2, Moraxella osloensis strain TMCS3 and Moraxella osloensis strain TMCS4 from the 2nd leaf of a young flash of C.   sinensis (TV22 clone) which will enable us to study their culturable properties and role as biocontrol agents.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Chilling Stress Tolerance in Camellia sinensis

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Yingzi Wang ◽  
Qin Yu ◽  
Yinhua Li ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Jinhua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Tea Plants

Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)] plants are important economic crop in China. Chilling stress and freezing damages have seriously affected the quality of tea products that have been already regarded as the main restricting factors to industry’s development. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in resistance of abiotic stresses. An experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber to study the effect of NO on tea plants grown under chilling stress (–2 °C) for 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. Foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a rate of 500 μmol·L−1 was used as NO donor. The experiment contained two factors: the first was the foliar application with SNP or distilled water, and the scond one was the chilling (–2 °C) exposure time (0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h). The effects of NO on membrane lipid peroxidation, osmotic adjustment substances, and antioxidant activity under cold stress were studied. In addition, the gene expression of CsICE1 and CsCBF1 in respond to NO addition were also investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results show that foliar addition of NO (500 μmol·L−1 of SNP) reduce the relative conductivity of tea leaves, inhibits the elevated malondialdehyde content, promotes the accumulation of proline, soluble protein and sugar, and increases the superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, thereby alleviates the damage of cold stress on tea leaves. The CsICE1 expression in 500 μM SNP treatment was peaked at 24 h of low temperature stress, while it did not express at normal temperature. Therefore, the current study is considered a good scientific material in understanding how tea plants sense and defense the chilling stress and that plays an important role to improve the level of production and economic benefits. It is also provided significant theory bas to control chilling stress in tea plants.

scholarly journals Identification of a Novel Gene Encoding the Specialized Alanine Decarboxylase in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peixian Bai ◽  
Kang Wei ◽  
Liyuan Wang ◽  
Fen Zhang ◽  
Li Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Target Protein ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Novel Gene ◽  
Tea Plants

Theanine, a unique amino acid in Camellia sinensis, accounts for more than 50% of total free amino acids in tea and has a significant contribution to the quality of green tea. Previous research indicated that theanine is synthesized from glutamic acid (Glu) and ethylamine mainly in roots, and that theanine accumulation depends on the availability of ethylamine which is derived from alanine (Ala) decarboxylation catalyzed by alanine decarboxylase (AlaDC). However, the specific gene encoding AlaDC protein remains to be discovered in tea plants or in other species. To explore the gene of AlaDC in tea plants, the differences in theanine contents and gene expressions between pretreatment and posttreatment of long-time nitrogen starvation were analyzed in young roots of two tea cultivars. A novel gene annotated as serine decarboxylase (SDC) was noted for its expression levels, which showed high consistency with theanine content, and the expression was remarkably high in young roots under sufficient nitrogen condition. To verify its function, full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of this candidate gene was cloned from young roots of tea seedlings, and the target protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli (E. coli). The enzymatic activity of the protein for Ala and Ser was measured in vitro using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results illustrated that the target protein could catalyze the decarboxylation of Ala despite of its high similarity with SDC from other species. Therefore, this novel gene was identified as AlaDC and named CsAlaDC. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of CsAlaDC in different tissues of tea plants were also quantified with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results suggest that transcription levels of CsAlaDC in root tissues are significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. That may explain why theanine biosynthesis preferentially occurs in the roots of tea plants. The expression of the gene was upregulated when nitrogen was present, suggesting that theanine biosynthesis is regulated by nitrogen supply and closely related to nitrogen metabolism for C. sinensis. The results of this study are significant supplements to the theanine biosynthetic pathway and provide evidence for the differential accumulation of theanine between C. sinensis and other species.

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