scholarly journals The Role of Age, Neutrophil Infiltration and Antibiotics Timing in the Severity of Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia. Insights from a Multi-Level Mathematical Model Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8428
Author(s):  
Guido Santos ◽  
Julio Vera
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Multi Level

Bacterial pneumonia is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases and has high mortality in sensitive patients (children, elderly and immunocompromised). Although an infection, the disease alters the alveolar epithelium homeostasis and hinders normal breathing, often with fatal consequences. A special case is hospitalized aged patients, which present a high risk of infection and death because of the community acquired version of the Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. There is evidence that early antibiotics treatment decreases the inflammatory response during pneumonia. Here, we investigate mechanistically this strategy using a multi-level mathematical model, which describes the 24 first hours after infection of a single alveolus from the key signaling networks behind activation of the epithelium to the dynamics of the local immune response. With the model, we simulated pneumonia in aged and young patients subjected to different antibiotics timing. The results show that providing antibiotics to elderly patients 8 h in advance compared to young patients restores in aged individuals the effective response seen in young ones. This result suggests the use of early, probably prophylactic, antibiotics treatment in aged hospitalized people with high risk of pneumonia.

Role of genetic factors in the development of hypertension in young patients with metabolic syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Elena Korneeva ◽  
Mikhail Voevoda ◽  
Sergey Semaev ◽  
Vladimir Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Integrin Αiibβ3 ◽  
Ace Gene ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Results of the study related to polymorphism of ACE gene (rs1799752)‎, integrin αIIbβ3, and CSK gene (rs1378942) influencing development of arterial hypertension in young patients with metabolic syndrome are presented. Hypertension as a component of the metabolic syndrome was detected in 15.0% of young patients. Prevalence of mutant alleles of the studied genes among the examined patients was quite high, so homozygous DD genotype was found in 21.6%, and mutant D allele of the ACE gene in 47.4%. A high risk of hypertension in patients with MS was detected in carriers of the T allele of the CSK (rs1378942) gene – 54.8%, which was most often observed in a combination of polymorphic ACE and CSK gene loci (p = 0.0053).

A simple mathematical model to describe antibody-dependent enhancement in heterologous secondary infection in dengue

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miller Cerón Gómez ◽  
Hyun Mo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Antibody Dependent Enhancement ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Initial Stage

Abstract We develop a mathematical model to describe the role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in heterologous secondary infections, assuming that antibodies specific to primary dengue virus (DENV) infection are being produced by immunological memory. The model has a virus-free equilibrium (VFE) and a unique virus-presence equilibrium (VPE). VFE is asymptotically stable when VPE is unstable; and unstable, otherwise. Additionally, there is an asymptotic attractor (not a fixed point) due to the fact that the model assumes unbounded increase in memory cells. In the analysis of the model, ADE must be accounted in the initial stage of infection (a window of time of few days), period of time elapsed from the heterologous infection until the immune system mounting an effective response against the secondary infection. We apply the results yielded by model to evaluate ADE phenomonon in heterologous DENV infection. We also associate the possible occurrence of severe dengue with huge viremia mediated by ADE phenomenon.

Increased Leukaemia Free Survival (LFS) in Patients with Cytogenetic High Risk AML after Related or Unrelated Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Compared to Chemotherapy in the OSHO 96 and 2002 Studies.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 264-264
Author(s):  
Dietger Niederwieser ◽  
Cornelia Becker ◽  
Rainer Krahl ◽  
Haifa-Kathrin Al-Ali ◽  
Simone Heyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Consolidation Therapy ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
Allogeneic Hct ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Unrelated Donors ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Cytogenetic high risk AML (abn 3q26, abn 11q23, −5/5q-, −7/7q- and complex) has a dismal prognosis with a two year overall survival (OS) below 20% even in young patients. Attempts to improve survival by intensifying consolidation chemotherapy have so far failed. In the two OSHO protocols AML 96 and AML 2002, we investigated the role of allogeneic HCT in these patients. A total of 708 patients have been entered into the two studies between 1997 and the present. The first protocol (AML 96) compared two different schedules employing identical total dosages of intermediate AraC and Idarubicin. The second protocol (AML 2002) studied the role of two different induction therapies in patients failing to reach CR after the first induction therapy. In patients with cytogenetic high risk AML, the search for a donor (either familial or, if none available, then unrelated) was initiated as soon as possible. Allogeneic HCT was scheduled either after induction or after first consolidation therapy. HCT was performed after conditioning with cytoxan and 1200 cGy total body irradiation followed by GvH-D prophylaxis with cyclosporine and methotrexate. Of the 708 patients, 138 (19,5%) had high risk cytogenetics and 77 (55,8%) of these went into remission after one or two cycles of induction chemotherapy. Of these 77 patients, 54 were alive and in CR after the first consolidation therapy and were allocated to either related (n=12) or unrelated (n=21) HCT or, if no compatible donor was available, to a two courses of chemotherapy (n=21). Median age of the patients was 36 (range 17–51) years, 46 years (range 23–59) years and 49 (range 16–60) years for patients receiving related HCT, unrelated HCT and chemotherapy respectively. Data were analysed as intention to treat.LFS at 3 years was 67 ± 14% after related and 44 ± 14 % after unrelated HCT, but decreased to 11 ± 7% in patients receiving chemotherapy. Allogeneic HCT results were significantly better than the results of chemotherapy with p-values of 0.005 and 0.002 for related vs. chemotherapy and unrelated vs. chemotherapy respectively. Major differences in relapse incidences were seen between the three groups, with the lowest RI at 3 years after related HCT 26±0.13%, followed by unrelated HCT 48±15% and by chemotherapy 89±8% (p=0.003 and p=0,0006 for chemotherapy vs. related or unrelated HCT). Transplant related mortality at 3 years was 10±9%, 14±10% and 6±6% for patients receiving HCT from related donors, from unrelated donors and chemotherapy, respectively. Conclusions: From the results observed in the two prospective, multicenter studies we conclude that consolidation with allogeneic HCT is superior to chemotherapy in younger patients with high risk cytogenetics. While no differences in TRM were seen between the three treatment arms, a lower relapse incidence after related and unrelated HCT contributed to the improved OS.

The Impact of Light Polarisation on Light Field of Scenes with Multiple Reflections

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Budak ◽  
Anton V. Grimaylo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Light Field ◽  
Global Illumination ◽  
Multiple Reflections ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Mueller Matrices ◽  
Volume Integration ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the role of polarisation in calculation of multiple reflections. A mathematical model of multiple reflections based on the Stokes vector for beam description and Mueller matrices for description of surface properties is presented. On the basis of this model, the global illumination equation is generalised for the polarisation case and is resolved into volume integration. This allows us to obtain an expression for the Monte Carlo method local estimates and to use them for evaluation of light distribution in the scene with consideration of polarisation. The obtained mathematical model was implemented in the software environment using the example of a scene with its surfaces having both diffuse and regular components of reflection. The results presented in the article show that the calculation difference may reach 30 % when polarisation is taken into consideration as compared to standard modelling.

Etiological role of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute purulent otitis media in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.N. Protasova ◽  
◽  
S.V. Domracheva ◽  
O.Yu. Volkova ◽  
V.A. Kalenskij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Etiological Role
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