scholarly journals The Landscape of microRNAs in βCell: Between Phenotype Maintenance and Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco ◽  
Noemi Brusco ◽  
Giada Licata ◽  
Daniela Fignani ◽  
Caterina Formichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia ◽  
Shed Light

Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogeneous metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia mainly due to pancreatic β cell death and/or dysfunction, caused by several types of stress such as glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and inflammation. Different patho-physiological mechanisms driving β cell response to these stresses are tightly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of negative regulators of gene expression, involved in pathogenic mechanisms occurring in diabetes and in its complications. In this review, we aim to shed light on the most important miRNAs regulating the maintenance and the robustness of β cell identity, as well as on those miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of the two main forms of diabetes mellitus, i.e., type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we acknowledge that the understanding of miRNAs-regulated molecular mechanisms is fundamental in order to develop specific and effective strategies based on miRNAs as therapeutic targets, employing innovative molecules.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Control of Pancreatic Regeneration in Diabetes

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Balaji ◽  
Tiziana Napolitano ◽  
Serena Silvano ◽  
Marika Friano ◽  
Anna Garrido-Utrilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Pancreatic Cells ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Insight Into

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are conditions that are associated with the loss of insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreas. An active research therefore aims at regenerating these β-cells with the hope that they could restore euglycemia. The approaches classically used consist in mimicking embryonic development, making use of diverse cell sources or converting pre-existing pancreatic cells. Despite impressive progresses and promising successes, it appears that we still need to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying β-cell development. This becomes even more obvious with the emergence of a relatively new field of research, epigenetics. The current review therefore focuses on the latest advances in this field in the context of β-cell (neo-)genesis research.

Endocrine and metabolic disorders

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Maturity Onset Diabetes ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
P Type

The endocrine system: related anatomy and physiology 632Type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence 634Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 636Management of DKA 638Type 2 diabetes mellitus 640Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young (MODY) 642Hypothyroidism 644Short stature 646Tall stature ...

scholarly journals Role of miRNAs in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in CAD Patients with T2DM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Wenbo Fu ◽  
Mu Lu ◽  
Shitao Huai ◽  
Yaqin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Background. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is identified as an atypical fat depot surrounding the heart with a putative role in the involvement of metabolic disorders, including obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. We profiled miRNAs in EAT of metabolic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus metabolically healthy patients by microarray. Compared to metabolically healthy patients, we identified forty-two miRNAs that are differentially expressed in patients with CAD and T2DM from Xinjiang, China. Eleven miRNAs were selected as potential novel miRNAs according toPvalue and fold change. Then the potential novel miRNAs targeted genes were predicted via TargetScan, PicTar, and miRTarbase, and the function of the target genes was predicted via Gene Ontology (GO) analysis while the enriched KEGG pathway analyses of the miRNAs targeted genes were performed by bioinformatics software DAVID. Then protein-protein interaction networks of the targeted gene were conducted by online software STRING. Finally, using microarray, bioinformatics approaches revealed the possible molecular mechanisms pathogenesis of CAD and T2DM. A total of 11 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and among them, hsa-miR-4687-3p drew specific attention. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that insulin signaling pathway is the central way involved in the progression of metabolic disorders.Conclusions. The current findings support the fact that miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in EAT of CAD patients with T2DM, and validation of the results of these miRNAs by independent and prospective study is certainly warranted.

scholarly journals Metabolic Aspects of Migraine: Association With Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rivera-Mancilla ◽  
Linda Al-Hassany ◽  
Carlos M. Villalón ◽  
Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Disorder ◽  
Metabolic Comorbidities

Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder, characterized by moderate to severe unilateral headaches, nausea, photophobia, and/or phonophobia, with a higher prevalence in women than in men, which can drastically affect the quality of life of migraine patients. In addition, this chronic disorder is related with metabolic comorbidities associated with the patient's lifestyle, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Beyond the personal and socioeconomic impact caused by migraine, obesity and DM, it has been suggested that these metabolic disorders seem to be related to migraine since: (i) they are a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disorders or chronic diseases; (ii) they can be influenced by genetic and environmental risk factors; and (iii) while clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that obesity is a risk factor for migraine, DM (i.e., type 1 and type 2 DM) have been reported to be either a protective or a risk factor in migraine. On this basis, and given the high worldwide prevalence of migraine, obesity, and DM, this article provides a narrative review of the current literature related to the association between the etiology and pathophysiology of migraine and these metabolic disorders, considering lifestyle aspects, as well as the possible involvement of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and/or sex hormones. While a link between migraine and metabolic disorders has been suggested, many studies are contradictory and the mechanisms involved in this association are not yet sufficiently established. Therefore, further research should be focused on understanding the possible mechanisms involved.

scholarly journals DOENÇA PERI-IMPLANTAR EM PACIENTE COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2: RELATO DE CASO

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamille Freitas De Andrade Neri ◽  
Roberta Santos Tunes ◽  
Maurício Andrade Barreto ◽  
Morbeck Dos Santos Leal Jr. ◽  
Caroline Argolo Brito de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Mandibular Region ◽  
Stress Oxidative

Treatment with osseointegrated dental implants has been widely used throughout the world. However, it reveals biological complications and has been associated with dental implants’ lost. These changes can be classified into peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. There are multiple factors associated with peri-implant changes, among them, diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the secretion or action of insulin and may be DM type 1 or type 2 DM. It presents influence on peri-implant health since it is responsible for increased inflammation, stress oxidative and cell apoptosis with consequent delay in healing. The peri-implantitis is most responsible for the loss of dental implants, so we know the DM interface in the disease process is key to creating protocols for prevention, treatment and maintenance of peri-implant health. The objective of this study is to report the case of a patient with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, rehabilitated with 4 dental implants in posterior and bilateral mandibular region in the years 2008/2009 that after five years, presented peri-implantitis in rehabilitated units with considerable bone loss.

scholarly journals Type 1 diabetes mellitus: most recent advances in its pathogenesis and treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (27) ◽  
pp. 1047-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Zóka ◽  
Anikó Somogyi ◽  
Gábor Firneisz
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Mhc Genes ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus is globally increasing. The causes of this trend are relatively obvious in the case of type 2 diabetes. In contrast, in case of type 1 diabetes the amount of available data is continuously growing, but the causes are not so well defined. The genetic risk, especially related to the MHC genes is well known, and the increasing amount of data underlines the role of additional risks due to non-MHC genetic polimorphisms. Hopefully, they will provide the basis for future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. There is increasing knowledge about the pathophysiological aspects including the role of immunological disregulation (balance of autotolerance, role of regulatory T-cells) and environmental triggers (nutrients, viruses). Information on the entero-insular axis and the β-cell protective role of incretin hormones might offer an opportunity for new therapeutic strategies. In this paper, the authors try to summarize some current aspects of the pathomechanism and related therapeutic approaches. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1047–1056.

scholarly journals Evaluating the antidiabetic effects of R-verapamil in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse models

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255405
Author(s):  
Yu-Syuan Chen ◽  
Shao-Ju Weng ◽  
Shu-Hsien Chang ◽  
Rou-Ying Li ◽  
Guang-Tzuu Shane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Cardiovascular Side Effects ◽  
Β Cell Function

The global incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing. Types 1 and 2 DM are associated with declining β-cell function. Verapamil (50% S-verapamil and 50% R-verapamil) can treat DM by downregulating thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which induces islet β-cell apoptosis. However, it may also induce cardiovascular side effects as S-verapamil is negatively inotropic. In contrast, R-verapamil only weakly induces adverse cardiac effects. In this study, we aimed to determine the antidiabetic efficacy and cardiovascular safety of R-verapamil. We examined R- and S-verapamil binding through in vitro studies. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 and db/db type 2 DM mouse models were used to assess the antidiabetic efficacy of verapamil. IL-6, blood glucose (BG), Txnip expression, and β-cells were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, while body weight, BG, and serum insulin were measured in the db/db mice. In the type 1 DM study, 100 mg/kg/day R-verapamil and racemic verapamil lowered BG, downregulated Txnip expression, and reduced β-cell apoptosis. In the type 2 DM study, the optimal R-verapamil dosage was 60 mg/kg/day and it lowered BG and raised serum insulin. However, efficacy did not increase with R-verapamil dosage. R-verapamil combined with metformin/acarbose improved BG and serum insulin more effectively than metformin/acarbose alone or verapamil combined with acarbose. R-verapamil had weaker cardiovascular side effects than S-verapamil. R-verapamil was 9.0× and 3.4× less effective than S-verapamil at inhibiting atrial inotropy and ileal contractility, respectively. It was also 8.7× weaker than S-verapamil as an agonist of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), inhibiting ileal neurogenic contraction. Hence, R-verapamil may be an optimal DM treatment as it is safe, improves glycemic control, and preserves β-cell function both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin or acarbose. R-Verapamil has potential for delaying or arresting DM progression and improving patients’ quality of life.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein CIII links islet insulin resistance to β-cell failure in diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. E2611-E2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Åvall ◽  
Yusuf Ali ◽  
Ingo B. Leibiger ◽  
Barbara Leibiger ◽  
Tilo Moede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Apolipoprotein Ciii

Insulin resistance and β-cell failure are the major defects in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the molecular mechanisms linking these two defects remain unknown. Elevated levels of apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) are associated not only with insulin resistance but also with cardiovascular disorders and inflammation. We now demonstrate that local apoCIII production is connected to pancreatic islet insulin resistance and β-cell failure. An increase in islet apoCIII causes promotion of a local inflammatory milieu, increased mitochondrial metabolism, deranged regulation of β-cell cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and apoptosis. Decreasing apoCIII in vivo results in improved glucose tolerance, and pancreatic apoCIII knockout islets transplanted into diabetic mice, with high systemic levels of the apolipoprotein, demonstrate a normal [Ca2+]i response pattern and no hallmarks of inflammation. Hence, under conditions of islet insulin resistance, locally produced apoCIII is an important diabetogenic factor involved in impairment of β-cell function and may thus constitute a novel target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Atherosclerosis: Herbal Medicines as a Potential Therapeutic Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfan Tian ◽  
Yanfei Liu ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Keji Chen ◽  
Shuzheng Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

An increasing number of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus eventually develop severe coronary atherosclerosis disease. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms affecting the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis are still unclear, as are appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss progress in the study of herbs as potential therapeutic agents for diabetic atherosclerosis.

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