scholarly journals The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4676
Author(s):  
Katja Badanjak ◽  
Sonja Fixemer ◽  
Semra Smajić ◽  
Alexander Skupin ◽  
Anne Grünewald
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Great Evidence

With the world’s population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is on the rise. In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the pathology of PD. There is great evidence that microglia have a significant neuroprotective role, and that impaired and over activated microglial phenotypes are present in brains of PD patients. Thereby, PD progression is potentially driven by a vicious cycle between dying neurons and microglia through the instigation of oxidative stress, mitophagy and autophagy dysfunctions, a-synuclein accumulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Hence, investigating the involvement of microglia is of great importance for future research and treatment of PD. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings concerning the microglia-neuronal interplay in PD with a focus on human postmortem immunohistochemistry and single-cell studies, their relation to animal and iPSC-derived models, newly emerging technologies, and the resulting potential of new anti-inflammatory therapies for PD.

scholarly journals Kinin Peptides Enhance Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Promoting Apoptosis in a Parkinson’s Disease Cellular Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Niewiarowska-Sendo ◽  
Andrzej Kozik ◽  
Ibeth Guevara-Lora
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Cellular Model ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Kinin Receptors ◽  
Kinin Receptor ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Kinin peptides ubiquitously occur in nervous tissue and participate in inflammatory processes associated with distinct neurological disorders. These substances have also been demonstrated to promote the oxidative stress. On the other hand, the importance of oxidative stress and inflammation has been emphasized in disorders that involve the neurodegenerative processes such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). A growing number of reports have demonstrated the increased expression of kinin receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the effect of bradykinin and des-Arg10-kallidin, two representative kinin peptides, was analyzed with respect to inflammatory response and induction of oxidative stress in a PD cellular model, obtained after stimulation of differentiated SK-N-SH cells with a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Kinin peptides caused an increased cytokine release and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and NO by cells. These changes were accompanied by a loss of cell viability and a greater activation of caspases involved in apoptosis progression. Moreover, the neurotoxin and kinin peptides altered the dopamine receptor 2 expression. Kinin receptor expression was also changed by the neurotoxin. These results suggest a mediatory role of kinin peptides in the development of neurodegeneration and may offer new possibilities for its regulation by using specific antagonists of kinin receptors.

The Critical Role of Glutamine Transporter ASCT2 in Parkinson’s Disease Progression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Mantena ◽  
Donna Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Glutamine Uptake

Abstract Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and it plagues millions of people worldwide. PD presents with the loss of dopaminergic neurons, associated with increased oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) is a prominent antioxidant; in PD, however, GSH levels are significantly diminished. A precursor for GSH is the amino acid glutamine, which is converted to glutamate and then to GSH. The carrier for glutamine is a transport membrane protein, named ASCT2, and this protein regulates glutamine uptake. In various forms of cancer, inhibition of ASCT2 has led to oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.This research looked to elucidate the role ASCT2 can play in PD progression by using α-synuclein transfected SH-SY5Y neurons as an in vitro model of PD. V-9302 is a competitive inhibitor of ASCT2 and was used to diminish ASCT2 transport and glutamine uptake to examine the in vitro hallmarks of PD progression. Increasing V-9302 concentrations (decreased ASCT2 activity) led to lower cell viability, higher ROS levels, and higher α-synuclein levels. Also, increasing V-9302 concentrations led to a decrease in intracellular glutamine, glutamate, and GSH levels. In addition, a power regression model was generated for each of glutamine, glutamate, and GSH vs α-synuclein to test the biomarker potential of each of these molecules for PD progression. Each of these molecules fit the regression model extraordinarily. The findings suggest that inhibition of ASCT2 lead to the heightened hallmarks of PD progression. Future research could examine the exciting therapeutic potential of upregulating ASCT2 on PD progression.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: oxidative stress, environmental impact factors and inflammatory processes

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yuan ◽  
Jing-Chen Zheng ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Shao-Feng Zhang ◽  
Jian-Yang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Mitochondria as an Easy Target to Oxidative Stress Events in Parkinson's Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Reale ◽  
Mirko Pesce ◽  
Medha Priyadarshini ◽  
Mohammad A Kamal ◽  
Antonia Patruno
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease

scholarly journals Application of deep learning in detecting neurological disorders from magnetic resonance images: a survey on the detection of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manan Binth Taj Noor ◽  
Nusrat Zerin Zenia ◽  
M Shamim Kaiser ◽  
Shamim Al Mamun ◽  
Mufti Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comparative Performance

Abstract Neuroimaging, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been playing an important role in understanding brain functionalities and its disorders during the last couple of decades. These cutting-edge MRI scans, supported by high-performance computational tools and novel ML techniques, have opened up possibilities to unprecedentedly identify neurological disorders. However, similarities in disease phenotypes make it very difficult to detect such disorders accurately from the acquired neuroimaging data. This article critically examines and compares performances of the existing deep learning (DL)-based methods to detect neurological disorders—focusing on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia—from MRI data acquired using different modalities including functional and structural MRI. The comparative performance analysis of various DL architectures across different disorders and imaging modalities suggests that the Convolutional Neural Network outperforms other methods in detecting neurological disorders. Towards the end, a number of current research challenges are indicated and some possible future research directions are provided.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and Parkinson’s disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Blesa ◽  
Ines Trigo-Damas ◽  
Anna Quiroga-Varela ◽  
Vernice R. Jackson-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease
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