scholarly journals Modelling and Refining Neuronal Circuits with Guidance Cues: Involvement of Semaphorins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6111
Author(s):  
Greta Limoni
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dendritic Arborization ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Synaptic Contacts ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Level ◽  
Made In

The establishment of neuronal circuits requires neurons to develop and maintain appropriate connections with cellular partners in and out the central nervous system. These phenomena include elaboration of dendritic arborization and formation of synaptic contacts, initially made in excess. Subsequently, refinement occurs, and pruning takes places both at axonal and synaptic level, defining a homeostatic balance maintained throughout the lifespan. All these events require genetic regulations which happens cell-autonomously and are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This review aims to discuss the involvement of guidance cues from the Semaphorin family.

The influence of lithium on the competence of the ectoderm in Ambystoma mexicanum

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331
Author(s):  
D. O. E. Gebhardt ◽  
P. D. Nieuwkoop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Amphibian Embryos ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morphogenetic Potential ◽  
Made In

The influence of lithium on the amphibian egg has been the subject of a number of investigations. From the work of Lehmann (1937), Töndury (1938), and Pasteels (1945) it is known that exposure of amphibian embryos to lithium results in a progressive cranio-caudal reduction of the central nervous system and a simultaneous conversion of the presumptive notochord into somites. Whereas these experiments were made with whole embryos, attempts have been made in recent years to localize the lithium effect by transplanting or explanting specific parts of the embryo. Gallera (1949), for instance, concluded from his experiments with transplants containing lithium treated presumptive chorda mesoderm, that lithium had reduced the ‘morphogenetic potential’ of this inductor. Lombard (1952), on the other hand, claimed that the susceptibility of amphibian eggs towards lithium was the result of the ion's direct influence on the ectoderm rather than on the presumptive archenteron roof.

Biological correlates of personality: considerations on the possible usefulness of central nervous system peripheral markers

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Castrogiovanni ◽  
F Pieraccini ◽  
I Maremmani ◽  
D Marazziti
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Peripheral Markers ◽  
Made In

SummaryAlthough a great deal of biological research has been carried out on several psychiatric disorders, it is disappointing to see how little progress has been made in the field of the biology of personality. The authors underline the methodological problems that arise in the investigation of biological substrates of human personality and review both currently available and putative peripheral markers of the central nervous system that might be used in further human studies.

Brain Glucose Sensing, Counterregulation, and Energy Homeostasis

Physiology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Marty ◽  
Michel Dallaporta ◽  
Bernard Thorens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Brain Glucose ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuronal circuits in the central nervous system play a critical role in orchestrating the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Glucose, beside being a nutrient, is also a signal detected by several glucose-sensing units that are located at different anatomical sites and converge to the hypothalamus to cooperate with leptin and insulin in controlling the melanocortin pathway.

scholarly journals PRENOSOLOGICAL NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
I. G. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
School Health ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
The City

Environmental factor is one of the most accurate indicators of determining the health of the population, especially in childhood and adolescence. A significant increase in the amount of data on the status of school health and the environment are the most precise and correct, in view of causation, to evaluate an individual's health at prenosological level in the presence of a specialized database of automated systems. The aim of our study ― the study of fundamental interactions and patterns of environmental factors in general and neuropsychiatric disease in schoolchildren of the city of Chelyabinsk. Revealed that among the multi-pollutant air Chelyabinsk first and second rank positions are occupied by selectively harmful to the central nervous system (lead, arsenic, manganese), or have complex adverse effects on the central nervous system, combined with damaging effects on the respiratory and cardio- vascular, urogenital system and blood forming organs, involving the immune mechanism (chromium compounds, lead, arsenic, carbon monoxide and manganese).  

Central Nervous System Genomics

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gallek ◽  
Leslie Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

In the past 25 years, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of genomics and its influence on central nervous system diseases. In this chapter, common diseases of the central nervous system will be reviewed along with the genomics associated with these diseases. The diseases/injuries that will be investigated include neurovascular disorders such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. This chapter will also explore Apolipoprotein E (APOE), a 299-aminoacid protein encoded by the APOE gene, and its associations with many of the previously named diseases. APOE was first tied to the risk of Alzheimer's disease and has since then been investigated in traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic strokes. In addition, we will discuss the future of genomic research in central nervous system diseases.

On the Nature of Inhibition: a Review.∗

1934 ◽  
Vol 80 (329) ◽  
pp. 198-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

While, during the last thirty years, great advances have been made in our knowledge of inhibition, its properties and its interactions with excitation, yet little progress has been made in elucidating the precise nature of inhibition itself. Pavlov (67), for instance, has discovered many of the principles of inhibition, its interaction with excitation, its irradiation, its extinction and so on. But all the time he is dealing with inhibition simply as a phenomenon which shows itself in the end-reaction. With regard to what is actually happening in the cortex, he admits that it is unknown. Yet the phenomenon of inhibition is one of prime importance in the organization of the central nervous system. Perhaps, at times, while watching, say, a dog chasing a ball, one is apt to forget the many reactions which are not happening in one's interest in what is happening. Yet an overdose of strychnine to the dog will soon remind one that every movement of each limb, every twitch of a muscle is surrounded, as it were, by a wall of inhibition, checking, controlling and timing so as to produce the final smooth and graceful co-ordination.

scholarly journals Challenging Hurdles of Current Targeting in Glioblastoma: A Focus on Immunotherapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3493
Author(s):  
Vassilis Genoud ◽  
Denis Migliorini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Neoplasm ◽  
Made In

Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary neoplasm of the central nervous system and still suffers from very poor therapeutic impact. No clear improvements over current standard of care have been made in the last decade. For other cancers, but also for brain metastasis, which harbors a very distinct biology from glioblastoma, immunotherapy has already proven its efficacy. Efforts have been pursued to allow glioblastoma patients to benefit from these new approaches, but the road is still long for broad application. Here, we aim to review key glioblastoma immune related characteristics, current immunotherapeutic strategies being explored, their potential caveats, and future directions.

CHANGES OF PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL BRAIN HYPOXIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
Saodat Igamova ◽  
◽  
Aziza Djurabekova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system is the main mechanism that determines the nature of the reactivity and adaptation of the body to a set of environmental factors. At the same time, autonomic imbalance acts as the root cause of the pathological process or asa predisposing factor, and it is advisable to use the cardiovascular system as an indicator of neurohumoral regulationits reactions are associated with the activity of the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and subcortical centers

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