Biological correlates of personality: considerations on the possible usefulness of central nervous system peripheral markers

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Castrogiovanni ◽  
F Pieraccini ◽  
I Maremmani ◽  
D Marazziti
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Peripheral Markers ◽  
Made In

SummaryAlthough a great deal of biological research has been carried out on several psychiatric disorders, it is disappointing to see how little progress has been made in the field of the biology of personality. The authors underline the methodological problems that arise in the investigation of biological substrates of human personality and review both currently available and putative peripheral markers of the central nervous system that might be used in further human studies.

The influence of lithium on the competence of the ectoderm in Ambystoma mexicanum

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331
Author(s):  
D. O. E. Gebhardt ◽  
P. D. Nieuwkoop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Amphibian Embryos ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morphogenetic Potential ◽  
Made In

The influence of lithium on the amphibian egg has been the subject of a number of investigations. From the work of Lehmann (1937), Töndury (1938), and Pasteels (1945) it is known that exposure of amphibian embryos to lithium results in a progressive cranio-caudal reduction of the central nervous system and a simultaneous conversion of the presumptive notochord into somites. Whereas these experiments were made with whole embryos, attempts have been made in recent years to localize the lithium effect by transplanting or explanting specific parts of the embryo. Gallera (1949), for instance, concluded from his experiments with transplants containing lithium treated presumptive chorda mesoderm, that lithium had reduced the ‘morphogenetic potential’ of this inductor. Lombard (1952), on the other hand, claimed that the susceptibility of amphibian eggs towards lithium was the result of the ion's direct influence on the ectoderm rather than on the presumptive archenteron roof.

Neurochemical Systems in the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Ariel Y. Deutch ◽  
Robert H. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
System P ◽  
Target Neuron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Chapter 2 describes the neurochemical organization of the brain. It summarizes the diverse types of molecules that neurons in the brain use as neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and how these molecules are synthesized and metabolized. The chapter also presents the array of receptor proteins through which these molecules regulate target neuron functioning and the reuptake proteins that generally terminate the neurotransmitter signal. Today a large majority of all drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, as well as most drugs of abuse, still have as their initial targets proteins involved directly in neurotransmitter function.

scholarly journals Mitochondria and the central nervous system: searching for a pathophysiological basis of psychiatric disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio L. Streck ◽  
Cinara L. Gonçalves ◽  
Camila B. Furlanetto ◽  
Giselli Scaini ◽  
Felipe Dal-Pizzol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Immune Mechanisms Affecting the Functioning of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Moises E. Bauer ◽  
Natália P. Rocha ◽  
Wilson Savino ◽  
Antonio L. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Impaired Cognition

This chapter presents an overview of the immune mechanisms affecting the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). The cross-talk between the immune system and the CNS is established by three independent pathways: the humoral, neural, and cellular (leukocyte) routes. Of note, increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and concomitant activation of brain-resident microglia can lead to impaired cognition and depressive behavioral symptoms. The activated microglia phenotype has been associated with neuroinflammation reported in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This chapter also reviews novel physiological roles for adaptive immunity (especially T cells) during health and disease. T cells support hippocampal neurogenesis, cognition, mood, resilience to stress, and are protective against the development of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Social Experience-Dependent Myelination: An Implication for Psychiatric Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro Toritsuka ◽  
Manabu Makinodan ◽  
Toshifumi Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Molecules ◽  
Activity Dependent

Myelination is one of the strategies to promote the conduction velocity of axons in order to adjust to evolving environment in vertebrates. It has been shown that myelin formation depends on genetic programing and experience, including multiple factors, intracellular and extracellular molecules, and neuronal activities. Recently, accumulating studies have shown that myelination in the central nervous system changes more dynamically in response to neuronal activities and experience than expected. Among experiences, social experience-dependent myelination draws attention as one of the critical pathobiologies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of neuronal activity-dependent and social experience-dependent myelination and discuss the contribution of social experience-dependent myelination to the pathology of psychiatric disorders.

Central Nervous System Genomics

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gallek ◽  
Leslie Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

In the past 25 years, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of genomics and its influence on central nervous system diseases. In this chapter, common diseases of the central nervous system will be reviewed along with the genomics associated with these diseases. The diseases/injuries that will be investigated include neurovascular disorders such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. This chapter will also explore Apolipoprotein E (APOE), a 299-aminoacid protein encoded by the APOE gene, and its associations with many of the previously named diseases. APOE was first tied to the risk of Alzheimer's disease and has since then been investigated in traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic strokes. In addition, we will discuss the future of genomic research in central nervous system diseases.

On the Nature of Inhibition: a Review.∗

1934 ◽  
Vol 80 (329) ◽  
pp. 198-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

While, during the last thirty years, great advances have been made in our knowledge of inhibition, its properties and its interactions with excitation, yet little progress has been made in elucidating the precise nature of inhibition itself. Pavlov (67), for instance, has discovered many of the principles of inhibition, its interaction with excitation, its irradiation, its extinction and so on. But all the time he is dealing with inhibition simply as a phenomenon which shows itself in the end-reaction. With regard to what is actually happening in the cortex, he admits that it is unknown. Yet the phenomenon of inhibition is one of prime importance in the organization of the central nervous system. Perhaps, at times, while watching, say, a dog chasing a ball, one is apt to forget the many reactions which are not happening in one's interest in what is happening. Yet an overdose of strychnine to the dog will soon remind one that every movement of each limb, every twitch of a muscle is surrounded, as it were, by a wall of inhibition, checking, controlling and timing so as to produce the final smooth and graceful co-ordination.

scholarly journals The orexins/hypocretins: hypothalamic peptides linked to sleep and appetite

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAHRAD TAHERI ◽  
SEPEHR HAFIZI
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The orexins/hypocretins are novel neuropeptides synthesized by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the lateral hypothalamus. Although these neurons are few in number, they send projections widely throughout the central nervous system (Kilduff & Peyron, 2000). There has been great excitement about the orexins/hypocretins from both the scientific and medical community. These peptides are remarkable in that they were discovered using state-of-the-art molecular techniques before their physiological actions were studied. Furthermore, there has been an exponential progress in our scientific knowledge of these peptides culminating in the orexins/hypocretins being linked to the sleep disorder, narcolepsy. With the importance of the orexins/hypocretins in sleep and arousal being increasingly recognized, it is likely that these peptides are altered by or contribute to several medical and psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Challenging Hurdles of Current Targeting in Glioblastoma: A Focus on Immunotherapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3493
Author(s):  
Vassilis Genoud ◽  
Denis Migliorini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Neoplasm ◽  
Made In

Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary neoplasm of the central nervous system and still suffers from very poor therapeutic impact. No clear improvements over current standard of care have been made in the last decade. For other cancers, but also for brain metastasis, which harbors a very distinct biology from glioblastoma, immunotherapy has already proven its efficacy. Efforts have been pursued to allow glioblastoma patients to benefit from these new approaches, but the road is still long for broad application. Here, we aim to review key glioblastoma immune related characteristics, current immunotherapeutic strategies being explored, their potential caveats, and future directions.

scholarly journals Functional State of the Central and Autonomic Regulation in Young Emergency Physicians in the Northern Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 374-384
Author(s):  
Marina A. Popova ◽  
◽  
Aleksandra E. Shcherbakova ◽  
Rinat R. Karimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The purpose of this research was to analyse the functional state of the central and autonomic nervous systems in young emergency physicians working in the northern region. Materials and methods. We examined 33 emergency physicians of a multidisciplinary hospital in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra aged 25 to 43 years (19 men and 14 women). The functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) was assessed using the method of simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and criteria developed by T.D. Loskutova – system’s functional level (SFL), reaction stability (RS) and level of functional abilities (LFA) – as well as attention stability, working memory and Whipple’s accuracy index. The state of autonomic regulation was evaluated according to the dynamics of heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and during active orthostatic test (AOT). Results. We found that male emergency physicians have higher rates of psychomotor reactions, SFL, RS, and LFA than their female colleagues. SVMR showed pathological reactions of the CNS in subjects of both sexes. The body’s adaptive capabilities due to autonomic regulation were preserved in most emergency physicians. However, a pathological response to AOT was found in both men and women. The pathological basis for impaired autonomic regulation and the development of maladaptive reactions in the subjects was a deterioration of the current functional state of the body, excessive activation of the sympathoadrenal system and a decrease in parasympathetic regulation. Responses to AOT in male emergency physicians were accompanied by a decrease in the total power (TP) of the HRV spectrum by 24.7 %, and an increase in low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF) ratio by a factor of 2.6; while in female doctors, by a decrease in TP by 11.5 % and an increase in LF/HF ratio by a factor of 1.7. The median of 30/15 coefficient was 1.48 for men and 1.45 for women. Thus, in the course of professional selection of doctors to provide emergency care under unfavourable climatic conditions of the North, it is advisable to conduct a comprehensive examination of the functional state of the central nervous system and autonomic regulation to identify a risk group with impaired adaptation mechanisms. For citation: Popova M.A., Scherbakova A.E., Karimov R.R. Functional State of the Central and Autonomic Regulation in Young Emergency Physicians in the Northern Region. Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 374–384. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z075

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