scholarly journals Autophagy: A Friend or Foe in Allergic Asthma?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6314
Author(s):  
Efthymia Theofani ◽  
Georgina Xanthou
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Differentiation Antigen ◽  
Cytoplasmic Material ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Immune Response Regulation ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Autophagy is a major self-degradative process through which cytoplasmic material, including damaged organelles and proteins, are delivered and degraded in the lysosome. Autophagy represents a dynamic recycling system that produces new building blocks and energy, essential for cellular renovation, physiology, and homeostasis. Principal autophagy triggers include starvation, pathogens, and stress. Autophagy plays also a pivotal role in immune response regulation, including immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation and the generation of T effector responses, the development of protective immunity against pathogens, and the coordination of immunometabolic signals. A plethora of studies propose that both impaired and overactive autophagic processes contribute to the pathogenesis of human disorders, including infections, cancer, atherosclerosis, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy has been also implicated in the development and progression of allergen-driven airway inflammation and remodeling. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies pertinent to the biology of autophagy and molecular pathways controlling its activation, we discuss autophagy-mediated beneficial and detrimental effects in animal models of allergic diseases and illuminate new advances on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of human asthma. We conclude contemplating the potential of targeting autophagy as a novel therapeutic approach for the management of allergic responses and linked asthmatic disease.

scholarly journals Role of dendritic cells in Th1/Th2 balance: A novel therapeutic target of allergic diseases

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusei Ohshima ◽  
Motoko Yasutomi ◽  
Nemuko Omata ◽  
Mitsufumi Mayumi
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

scholarly journals Regulation of eosinophil functions by autophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Germic ◽  
Aref Hosseini ◽  
Shida Yousefi ◽  
Alexander Karaulov ◽  
Hans-Uwe Simon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Atg Proteins ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Intracellular Process ◽  
Cytotoxic Effector

AbstractEosinophils are granule-containing leukocytes which develop in the bone marrow. For many years, eosinophils have been recognized as cytotoxic effector cells, but recent studies suggest that they perform additional immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process which preserves cellular homeostasis. Autophagy defects have been linked to the pathogenesis of many human disorders. Evidence for abnormal regulation of autophagy, including decreased or increased expression of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, has been reported in several eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn’s disease, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite the increasing extent of research using preclinical models of immune cell-specific autophagy deficiency, the physiological relevance of autophagic pathway in eosinophils has remained unknown until recently. Owing to the increasing evidence that eosinophils play a role in keeping organismal homeostasis, the regulation of eosinophil functions is of considerable interest. Here, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of autophagy in eosinophils, placing particular emphasis on insights obtained in mouse models of infections and malignant diseases in which autophagy has genetically dismantled in the eosinophil lineage. These studies pointed to the possibility that autophagy-deficient eosinophils exaggerate inflammation. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway in these cells could be used for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Neutrophils Play an Important Role in Protective Immunity against Coxiella burnetii Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 3104-3113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Elliott ◽  
Laura Schoenlaub ◽  
Danielle Freches ◽  
William Mitchell ◽  
Guoquan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aerosol Infection

Coxiella burnetiiis an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease Q fever. Although Q fever is mainly transmitted by aerosol infection, study of the immune responses in the lung following pulmonaryC. burnetiiinfection is lacking. Neutrophils are considered the first immune cell to migrate into the lung and play an important role in host defense against aerosol infection with microbial pathogens. However, the role of neutrophils in the host defense againstC. burnetiiinfection remains unclear. To determine the role of neutrophils in protective immunity againstC. burnetiiinfection, the RB6-8C5 antibody was used to deplete neutrophils in mice before intranasal infection withC. burnetii. The results indicated that neutrophil-depleted mice developed more severe disease than their wild-type counterparts, suggesting that neutrophils play an important role in host defense againstC. burnetiipulmonary infection. We also found that neither CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) nor interleukin-17 (IL-17) receptor (IL-17R) deficiency changed the severity of disease following intranasalC. burnetiichallenge, suggesting that keratinocyte-derived chemokine and IL-17 may not play essential roles in the response toC. burnetiiinfection. However, significantly higherC. burnetiigenome copy numbers were detected in the lungs of IL-1R−/−mice at 14 days postinfection. This indicates that IL-1 may be important for the clearance ofC. burnetiifrom the lungs following intranasal infection. Our results also suggest that neutrophils are involved in protecting vaccinated mice fromC. burnetiichallenge-induced disease. This is the first study to demonstrate an important role for neutrophils in protective immunity againstC. burnetiiinfection.

scholarly journals Role of Dietary Fiber in Promoting Immune Health -- An EAACI Position Paper

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Venter ◽  
Rosan Meyer ◽  
Matthew Greenhawt ◽  
Isabella Pali-Schöll ◽  
Bright Nwaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Immune Health ◽  
Respiratory Outcomes ◽  
Molecular Circuitry

Microbial metabolism of specific dietary components, such as fiber, contribute to the sophisticated inter-kingdom dialogue in the gut that maintains a stable environment with important beneficial physiological, metabolic, and immunological effects on the host. Historical changes in fiber intake may be contributing to the increase of allergic and hypersensitivity disorders as fiber-derived metabolites are evolutionarily hardwired into the molecular circuitry governing immune cell decision making processes. In this review, we highlight the importance of fiber as a dietary ingredient, its effects on the microbiome, its effects on immune regulation, and potential mechanisms for dietary fibers in the prevention and management of allergic diseases. In addition, we review the human studies examining fiber or prebiotic interventions on asthma and respiratory outcomes, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and overall risk of atopic disorders. While exposures, interventions and outcomes were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis, there is significant potential for using fiber in targeted manipulations of the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions in promoting immune health.

Role of prostaglandin D(2) in equine allergic diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. A2.6
Author(s):  
Georg M. Racic
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Diseases

Oxidized Haemoglobin–Driven Endothelial Dysfunction and Immune Cell Activation: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (37) ◽  
pp. 4806-4814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Buttari ◽  
Elisabetta Profumo ◽  
Rita Businaro ◽  
Luciano Saso ◽  
Raffaele Capoano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Effect of Annexins Translocated in Extracellular Vesicles on Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qionghui Wu ◽  
Haidong Wei ◽  
Wenbo Meng ◽  
Xiaodong Xie ◽  
Zhenchang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tumor Cell Adhesion ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Tumor Neovascularization

: Annexin, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, can affect tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, as well as tumor neovascularization in different ways. Recent studies have shown that annexin exists not only as an intracellular protein in tumor cells, but also in different ways to be secret outside the cell as a “crosstalk” tool for tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, thus playing an important role in the development of tumors, such as participating in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulating immune cell behavior, promoting neovascularization and so on. The mechanism of annexin secretion in the form of extracellular vesicles and its specific role is still unclear. This paper summarizes the main role of annexin secreted into the extracellular space in the form of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance and analyzes its possible mechanism.

The Role of the City in Merovingian Francia

2020 ◽  
pp. 581-610
Author(s):  
S. T. Loseby
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Fierce Competition

The Merovingians inherited an urban network from the Roman Empire that remained substantially intact. Although Gallic cities had long been declining in extent and sophistication, during late antiquity their landscapes were adapted to contemporary priorities through the provision of walls and churches, and their politics was transformed by the emergence of bishops as leaders of urban communities. When the upper tiers of imperial administration disappeared, this equipped the vast majority of cities to survive as the basic building blocks of Merovingian kingdoms that were initially conceived as aggregations of city–territories. In ruling through their cities, the Merovingians expanded upon existing mechanisms for the extraction of taxes and services, while relying on centrally appointed bishops and counts rather than city councils for the projection of their authority. This generated fierce competition between kings for control of cities and among local elites for positions of power within them. In the later Merovingian period, however, the significance of cities diminished as stable territorial kingdoms emerged, political practice was centralized around the royal courts, and the Roman administrative legacy finally disintegrated. But the cities remained preeminent religious centers, and, with the beginnings of economic revival, continued to perform a range of functions unmatched by other categories of settlement.

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