scholarly journals Do Changes in ACE-2 Expression Affect SARS-CoV-2 Virulence and Related Complications: A Closer Look into Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6703
Author(s):  
Huseyin C. Yalcin ◽  
Vijayakumar Sukumaran ◽  
Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi ◽  
Samar Shurbaji
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
The Relationship

The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) for cell entry and infection. This enzyme has important functions in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to preserve cardiovascular function. In addition to the heart, it is expressed in many tissues including the lung, intestines, brain, and kidney, however, its functions in these organs are mostly unknown. ACE-2 has membrane-bound and soluble forms. Its expression levels are altered in disease states and by a variety of medications. Currently, it is not clear how altered ACE-2 levels influence ACE-2 virulence and relevant complications. In addition, membrane-bound and soluble forms are thought to have different effects. Most work on this topic in the literature is on the SARS-CoV virus that has a high genetic resemblance to SARS-Co-V-2 and also uses ACE-2 enzyme to enter the cell, but with much lower affinity. More recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 are mainly clinical studies aiming at relating the effect of medications that are thought to influence ACE-2 levels, with COVID-19 outcomes for patients under these medications. This review paper aims to summarize what is known about the relationship between ACE-2 levels and SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 virulence under altered ACE-2 expression states.

scholarly journals Clinical outcome of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in treatment of hypertensive patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Laurentius ◽  
Brian Mendel ◽  
Radityo Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

Abstract Background Novel coronavirus disease 2019 has been stated as global disease pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. Up to 30% of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with hypertension are more susceptible to death. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been used as primary line of medication for hypertension; nonetheless, conflicting data arises as numerous studies showed contradictory results. Main body Aiming to show clinical outcome of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in hospital treatment of hypertensive patients with coronavirus disease 2019, systematically searched literatures through five databases were intensively appraised using The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation checklists for cohort studies. Based on the result evaluation from retrospective cohorts involving more than 15,000 patients across Asia and other regions of the world, ten encompassed studies divided into two subgroups in this meta-review showed that in-hospital hypertensive coronavirus disease 2019 patients receiving antihypertensive drugs were associated with overall risk reduction in subgroup 1 (hazard ratio, HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.82–1.12) to no outcome association of all-cause mortalities in subgroup 2 (HR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.19–0.34). All appraised studies in synergism showed that mortality outcomes were not augmented with the employment of either ACE inhibitor or ARB in subjects. Conclusion Therefore, the results support recommendation by the American Heart Association not to discontinue angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker regimens in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with hypertension.

scholarly journals Regulated cleavage-secretion of the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme.

1994 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. 2125-2130
Author(s):  
R. Ramchandran ◽  
G.C. Sen ◽  
K. Misono ◽  
I. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Membrane Bound

scholarly journals Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors – a realm of confusion in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special2) ◽  
pp. 389-394
Author(s):  
Angela Madalina Lazar
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Raas Inhibitors

Currently, there is a persisting dispute regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibitors' safety of use in COVID-19 pandemics. On one side, RAAS inhibitors appear to determine an overexpression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, they could increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its degree of severity. On the other side, the discontinuation of RAAS leads to cardiovascular decompensation and has been discouraged by the major medical societies. Also, large-cohort studies report beneficial or at least neutral effects for the RAAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients. Worldwide, millions of patients receive RAAS inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension and other important comorbidities. In this context, knowledge of the exact effect of these medications becomes of crucial significance. This paper aims to fill in a gap in the current knowledge and presents a putative mechanism by which RAAS inhibitor administration's beneficial results can be explained better. RAAS inhibitors can be beneficial, as they counteract the excessive detrimental activation of the classical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) axis, decreasing the angiotensin II levels. The angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the angiotensin II levels, while the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) increase the angiotensin I levels; these substrates will compete with the SARS-CoV-2 for the ACE2 binding, decreasing the viral infectivity. In addition, following the RAAS inhibitors treatment, the up-regulated ACE2 will cleave these substrates (angiotensin I and II), particularly to angiotensin 1-7 that possesses vasodilator, protective effects.

Novel Approach of Molecular Genetic Understanding of Iridology: Relationship Between Iris Constitution and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Young Um ◽  
Nyeon-Hyoung An ◽  
Gui-Bi Yang ◽  
Geon-Mok Lee ◽  
Ju-Jang Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Ace Genotype ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Tool

Iridology is the study of the iris of the eye to detect the conditions of the body and its organs, genetic strengths and weaknesses, etc. Although iridology is not widely used as a scientific tool for healthcare professionals to get to the source of people's health conditions, it has been used as a supplementary source to help the diagnosis of medical conditions by noting irregularities of the pigmentation in the iris among some Korean Oriental medical doctors. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism is one of the most well studied genetic markers of vascular disease. We investigated the relationship between iridological constitution and ACE polymorphism in hypertensives. We classified 87 hypertensives and 79 controls according to iris constitution and determined the ACE genotype of each individual. DD genotype was more prevalent in patients with a neurogenic constitution than in controls. This finding supports the hypothesis that D allele is a candidate gene for hypertension and demonstrates the association among ACE genotype, Korean hypertensives and iris constitution.

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