scholarly journals Developmental Toxicology of Metal Mixtures in Drosophila: Unique Properties of Potency and Interactions of Mercury Isoforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12131
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Beamish ◽  
Tanzy M. Love ◽  
Matthew D. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Metal Mixtures ◽  
Drosophila Model ◽  
Dependent Failure ◽  
Dose Dependent

Mercury ranks third on the U.S. Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry priority list of hazardous substances, behind only arsenic and lead. We have undertaken uncovering the mechanisms underlying the developmental toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg), inorganic mercury (HgCl2), lead acetate (Pb), and sodium arsenite (As). To probe these differences, we used the Drosophila model, taking advantage of three developmental transitions—pupariation, metamorphosis, and eclosion—to differentiate potentially unique windows of toxicity. We elaborated dose response profiles for each individual metal administered in food and accounted for internal body burden, also extending analyses to evaluate combinatorial metal mixture effects. We observed all four metals producing larval lethality and delayed pupariation, with MeHg being most potent. Compared to other metals, MeHg’s potency is caused by a higher body burden with respect to dose. MeHg uniquely caused dose-dependent failure in eclosion that was unexpectedly rescued by titrating in HgCl2. Our results highlight a unique developmental window and toxicokinetic properties where MeHg acts with specificity relative to HgCl2, Pb, and As. These findings will serve to refine future studies aimed at revealing tissue morphogenesis events and cell signaling pathways, potentially conserved in higher organisms, that selectively mediate MeHg toxicity and its antagonism by HgCl2.

Secondary Contamination of Medical Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities Resulting From Hazardous Materials Events, 2003–2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kevin Horton ◽  
Maureen Orr ◽  
Theodora Tsongas ◽  
Richard Leiker ◽  
Vikas Kapil
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazardous Material ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Emergency Events ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
Secondary Contamination

ABSTRACTBackground: When not managed properly, a hazardous material event can quickly extend beyond the boundaries of the initial release, creating the potential for secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities. Secondary contamination generally occurs when primary victims are not decontaminated or are inadequately decontaminated before receiving medical attention. This article examines the secondary contamination events reported to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and offers suggestions for preventing such events.Methods: Data from the ATSDR Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of hazardous material events occurring in 17 states during 2003 through 2006 involving secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities.Results: Fifteen (0.05%) Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance events were identified in which secondary contamination occurred. At least 17 medical personnel were injured as a result of secondary contamination while they were treating contaminated victims. Of the medical personnel injured, 12 were emergency medical technicians and 5 were hospital personnel. Respiratory irritation was the most common injury sustained.Conclusions: Adequate preplanning and drills, proper decontamination procedures, good field-to-hospital communication, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and effective training can help prevent injuries of medical personnel and contamination of transport vehicles and medical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:104–113)

scholarly journals Toxicity, bioaccumulation and biotransformation of glucose capped silver nanoparticles in green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Mariano ◽  
Elisa Panzarini ◽  
Maria Dias Inverno ◽  
Nikolaos Voulvoulis ◽  
Luciana Dini
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Aquatic Organism ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in consumer products. When discharged into the aquatic environment AgNPs can cause toxicity to aquatic biota, through mechanisms that are still under debate, thus rendering the NPs effects evaluation a necessary step. Different aquatic organism models, i.e. microalgae, mussels, Daphnia magna, sea urchins and Danio rerio, etc. have been largely exploited for NPs toxicity assessment. On the other hand, alternative biological microorganisms abundantly present in nature, i.e. microalgae, are nowadays exploited as a potential sink for removal of toxic substances from the environment. Indeed, the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is one of the most used microorganisms for waste treatment.ResultsWith the aim to verify the possible involvement of C. vulgaris not only as a model microorganism of NPs toxicity but also for the protection toward NPs pollution, we used these microalgae to measure the AgNPs biotoxicity and bioaccumulation. In particular, to exclude any toxicity derived by Ag+ ions release, green chemistry synthesised and Glucose coated AgNPs (AgNPs-G) were used. C. vulgaris actively internalised AgNPs-G whose amount increases in a time and dose-dependent manner. The internalised NPs, found inside large vacuoles, were not released back into the medium, even after 1 week, and did not undergo biotransformation since AgNPs-G maintained their crystalline nature. Biotoxicity of AgNPs-G causes an exposure time and AgNPs-G dose-dependent growth reduction and a decrease in chlorophyll-a amount.ConclusionsThese results confirm C. vulgaris as a biomonitoring organism and also suggest it as a bioaccumulating microalgae for possible use in the environment protection.

scholarly journals Radioanalytical Techniques to Quantitatively Assess the Biological Uptake and In Vivo Behavior of Hazardous Substances

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Jae Young Lee ◽  
Sajid Mushtaq ◽  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Hee Soon Shin ◽  
So-Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Imaging ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Biological Uptake ◽  
Radioanalytical Methods

Concern about environmental exposure to hazardous substances has grown over the past several decades, because these substances have adverse effects on human health. Methods used to monitor the biological uptake of hazardous substances and their spatiotemporal behavior in vivo must be accurate and reliable. Recent advances in radiolabeling chemistry and radioanalytical methodologies have facilitated the quantitative analysis of toxic substances, and whole-body imaging can be achieved using nuclear imaging instruments. Herein, we review recent literature on the radioanalytical methods used to study the biological distribution, changes in the uptake and accumulation of hazardous substances, including industrial chemicals, nanomaterials, and microorganisms. We begin with an overview of the radioisotopes used to prepare radiotracers for in vivo experiments. We then summarize the results of molecular imaging studies involving radiolabeled toxins and their quantitative assessment. We conclude the review with perspectives on the use of radioanalytical methods for future environmental research.

scholarly journals Birthweight Depression in Male Rats Contiguous to Male Siblings in Utero Exposed to High Doses of 1,3-Butanediol during Organogenesis

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Mankes ◽  
V. Renak ◽  
J. Fieseher ◽  
R. Lefevre
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fetal Repair ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Embryotoxic Effects ◽  
Dose Dependent

The embryotoxic effects of high doses of the narcotizing ethanol dimer 1,3-butanediol were evaluated in pregnant Long-Evans rats during the “critical period” of organogenesis. Butanediol was given by gavage at levels of 0,7060,4236, or 706 mg/kg per day (24,14.4, or 2.4% of the acute oral LD50 value for rats). Maternal sedation was observed at 7060 and 4236 mg/kg, but feed consumptions and maternal body weights were unaffected. Butanediol caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease in offspring birthweights. At the highest butanediol dose, birthweights were preferentially and significantly decreased in male pups not contiguous in utero to female siblings. Other group I1 offspring were not affected and did not differ significantly from controls. As butanediol was given prior to the period of greatest fetal growth and fetal sex steroidogenests, it is concluded that intra-uterine levels of female sex steroids (estradiol) enhance fetal repair of cellular damage (restitution ad integrum), whereas testosterone inhibits fetal repair or exacerbates previous embryonic damage by some unknown mechanism. Such interaction furthers the concept that intrauterine position affects the endpoints of developmental toxicity, as expressed at partuition.

scholarly journals Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the ArsM arsenic(III)S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1050-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Marapakala ◽  
A. Abdul Ajees ◽  
Jie Qin ◽  
Banumathi Sankaran ◽  
Barry P. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Hanging Drop ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Priority List ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Environmental Toxin

Arsenic is the most ubiquitous environmental toxin and carcinogen and consequently ranks first on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Priority List of Hazardous Substances. It is introduced primarily from geochemical sources and is acted on biologically, creating an arsenic biogeocycle. A common biotransformation is methylation to monomethylated, dimethylated and trimethylated species. Methylation is catalyzed by the ArsM (or AS3MT) arsenic(III)S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase, an enzyme (EC 2.1.1.137) that is found in members of every kingdom from bacteria to humans. ArsM from the thermophilic algaCyanidioschyzonsp. 5508 was expressed, purified and crystallized. Crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space groupC2, with unit-cell parametersa= 84.85,b= 46.89,c= 100.35 Å, β = 114.25° and one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction data were collected at the Advanced Light Source and were processed to a resolution of 1.76 Å.

scholarly journals Developmental toxicity from exposure to various forms of mercury compounds in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Dong ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Lixin Wei ◽  
Yang Jingfeng ◽  
Melissa Chernick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Organic Form ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
Pericardial Edema ◽  
Eye Pigmentation ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

This study examined developmental toxicity of different mercury compounds, including some used in traditional medicines. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were exposed to 0.001-10 μM concentrations of MeHg, HgCl2, α-HgS (Zhu Sha), and β-HgS (Zuotai) from stage 10 (6-7 hpf) to 10 days post fertilization (dpf). Of the forms of mercury in this study, the organic form (MeHg) proved the most toxic followed by inorganic mercury (HgCl2), both producing embryo developmental toxicity. Altered phenotypes included pericardial edema with elongated or tube heart, reduction of eye pigmentation, and failure of swim bladder inflation. Both α-HgS and β-HgS were less toxic than MeHg and HgCl2. Total RNA was extracted from survivors 3 days after exposure to MeHg (0.1 μM), HgCl2 (1 μM), α-HgS (10 μM), or β-HgS (10 μM) to examine toxicity-related gene expression. MeHg and HgCl2 markedly induced metallothionein (MT) and heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), while α-HgS and β-HgS failed to induce either gene. Chemical forms of mercury compounds proved to be a major determinant in their developmental toxicity.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norah MacKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Toxic Exposures ◽  
Research Questions

This chapter sets up the central research questions that will be examined in the book and roots them in theories of neoliberalism. It provides background on widespread environmental pollution and the chemical body burden, which has led consumers to turn to precautionary consumption. The chapter outlines the scope and significance of human environmental chemical exposure. It demonstrates how the distribution of toxic substances in the environment and human bodies, and the attribution of responsibility for addressing toxic exposures, are not random. Exposure and responsibility are culturally and socially determined, with most of this responsibility allocated to women and mothers.

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