scholarly journals Lessons Learned from the Studies of Roots Shaded from Direct Root Illumination

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12784
Author(s):  
Jozef Lacek ◽  
Judith García-González ◽  
Wolfram Weckwerth ◽  
Katarzyna Retzer
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Stress Adaptation ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Direct Illumination ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Multiple Signaling

The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Subcellular Proteomic Survey of Salmonella Grown under Phagosome-Mimicking versus Standard Laboratory Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn N. Brown ◽  
James A. Sanford ◽  
Jea H. Park ◽  
Brooke L. Deatherage ◽  
Boyd L. Champion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Response Regulators ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Protein Properties ◽  
Good Agreement

Towards developing a systems-level pathobiological understanding of Salmonella enterica, we performed a subcellular proteomic analysis of this pathogen grown under standard laboratory and phagosome-mimicking conditions in vitro. Analysis of proteins from cytoplasmic, inner membrane, periplasmic, and outer membrane fractions yielded coverage of 25% of the theoretical proteome. Confident subcellular location could be assigned to over 1000 proteins, with good agreement between experimentally observed location and predicted/known protein properties. Comparison of protein location under the different environmental conditions provided insight into dynamic protein localization and possible moonlighting (multiple function) activities. Notable examples of dynamic localization were the response regulators of two-component regulatory systems (e.g., ArcB and PhoQ). The DNA-binding protein Dps that is generally regarded as cytoplasmic was significantly enriched in the outer membrane for all growth conditions examined, suggestive of moonlighting activities. These observations imply the existence of unknown transport mechanisms and novel functions for a subset of Salmonella proteins. Overall, this work provides a catalog of experimentally verified subcellular protein locations for Salmonella and a framework for further investigations using computational modeling.

The parasexual cycle in the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus (Wize) Brown and Smith

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 922-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Riba ◽  
Anne M. Ravelojoana
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Parasexual Cycle ◽  
Auxotrophic Mutants ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Ultraviolet Treatment

Auxotrophic mutants of Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus obtained by ultraviolet treatment were used to demonstrate parasexual recombination. Formation of hybrid diploids was found to be closely related to growth conditions on artificial media and on host insects. One hundred percent of prototrophic hybrids were isolated from mycosed insects, while no more than 1.5% were recovered from the complete agar medium in the Petri dishes. A few haploids (1%) were obtained from hybrid diploids exposed to haploidizing agents. Some of the haploids were segregants which could only have resulted from genetic recombination.

scholarly journals New DAG and cAMP Sensors Optimized for Live-Cell Assays in Automated Laboratories

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Tewson ◽  
Scott Martinka ◽  
Nathan C. Shaner ◽  
Thomas E. Hughes ◽  
Anne Marie Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Fluorescent Biosensors ◽  
Cell Assays ◽  
Health And Disease

Protein-based, fluorescent biosensors power basic research on cell signaling in health and disease, but their use in automated laboratories is limited. We have now created two live-cell assays, one for diacyl glycerol and another for cAMP, that are robust (Z′ > 0.7) and easily deployed on standard fluorescence plate readers. We describe the development of these assays, focusing on the parameters that were critical for optimization, in the hopes that the lessons learned can be generalized to the development of new biosensor-based assays.

The Physiology of Optimizing Health with a Focus on Exercise as Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 607-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Abdominal Adiposity ◽  
Major Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Physical inactivity is one of the leading health problems in the world. Strong epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrates that exercise decreases the risk of more than 35 different disorders and that exercise should be prescribed as medicine for many chronic diseases. The physiology and molecular biology of exercise suggests that exercise activates multiple signaling pathways of major health importance. An anti-inflammatory environment is produced with each bout of exercise, and long-term anti-inflammatory effects are mediated via an effect on abdominal adiposity. There is, however, a need to close the gap between knowledge and practice and assure that basic research is translated, implemented, and anchored in society, leading to change of praxis and political statements. In order to make more people move, we need a true translational perspective on exercise as medicine, from molecular and physiological events to infrastructure and architecture, with direct implications for clinical practice and public health.

scholarly journals Reversal of Resistance in Targeted Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: Lessons Learned from Vemurafenib (BRAFV600E-Specific Inhibitor)

Cancers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Torres-Collado ◽  
Jeffrey Knott ◽  
Ali Jazirehi
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Brafv600e Mutation ◽  
Braf Mutations ◽  
Immune Resistance

Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has a very low survival rate. Over 50% of melanomas harbor various BRAF mutations with the most common being the V600E. BRAFV600E mutation that causes constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway leading to drug-, immune-resistance, apoptosis evasion, proliferation, survival, and metastasis of melanomas. The ATP competitive BRAFV600E selective inhibitor, vemurafenib, has shown dramatic success in clinical trials; promoting tumor regression and an increase in overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. Regrettably, vemurafenib-resistance develops over an average of six months, which renders melanomas resistant to other therapeutic strategies. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism(s) of acquisition of vemurafenib-resistance and design of novel approaches to override resistance is the subject of intense clinical and basic research. In this review, we summarize recent developments in therapeutic approaches and clinical investigations on melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation to establish a new platform for the treatment of melanoma.

scholarly journals Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Bhargava ◽  
Arthur P Arnold ◽  
Debra A Bangasser ◽  
Kate M Denton ◽  
Arpana Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Endocrine Society ◽  
Biological Variable ◽  
And Gender

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH-funded research involving animals and cells.” Since then, proposed research plans that include animals routinely state that both sexes/genders will be used; however, in many instances, researchers and reviewers are at a loss about the issue of sex differences. Moreover, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably by many researchers, further complicating the issue. In addition, the sex or gender of the researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, in both animals and humans. The act of observation may change the outcome (the “observer effect”) and any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject to it. This is nowhere more applicable than in physiology and behavior. The sex of established cultured cell lines is another issue, in addition to aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can change as cells are passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, and insulin that might influence expression of various genes. These issues often are not taken into account, determined, or even considered. Issues pertaining to the “sex” of cultured cells are beyond the scope of this Statement. However, we will discuss the factors that influence sex and gender in both basic research (that using animal models) and clinical research (that involving human subjects), as well as in some areas of science where sex differences are routinely studied. Sex differences in baseline physiology and associated mechanisms form the foundation for understanding sex differences in diseases pathology, treatments, and outcomes. The purpose of this Statement is to highlight lessons learned, caveats, and what to consider when evaluating data pertaining to sex differences, using 3 areas of research as examples; it is not intended to serve as a guideline for research design.

Lessons Learned: Research Benefits and Beyond Associated with Participating in the NSF I-Corps™ Customer Discovery Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Lisa Bosman ◽  
Jose Garcia-Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Data File ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Discovery Program ◽  
The University

The purpose of this study is to communicate lessons learned and benefits (which go beyond assessing commercial viability) from faculty principal investigator participation in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Innovation Corps (I-Corps™) Customer Discovery National Teams Program. The NSF I-Corps Customer Discovery National Teams Program markets itself as a program that "prepares scientists and engineers to extend their focus beyond the university laboratory and accelerates the economic and societal benefits of NSF-funded, basic-research projects that are ready to move toward commercialization." However, there is so much more to be gained by program participants. Unfortunately, researchers wouldn't know this unless they personally participated in the program or received insights from someone who has completed the program. This study aims to respond to the following research question: How does participation in the NSF I-Corps Customer Discovery Program benefit faculty principal investigators? This study integrates both secondary data, using VentureWell's data file and code book, which was developed as an assessment tool for the NSF I-Corps National Teams Program, and autoethnography, whereby the authors use a qualitative research approach to self-reflect upon their own experiences conducting customer discovery on energy-focused technologies. Findings show there is much to be gained by program participants, including improvements in overall career success attributes, such as learning, mentoring, and research capabilities. In addition, the results show faculty researchers how they can recreate the process on their own.

scholarly journals A Review of Plant Vacuoles: Formation, Located Proteins, and Functions

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaona Tan ◽  
Kaixia Li ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Keming Zhu ◽  
Xiaoli Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Vacuoles ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Vacuoles, cellular membrane-bound organelles, are the largest compartments of cells, occupying up to 90% of the volume of plant cells. Vacuoles are formed by the biosynthetic and endocytotic pathways. In plants, the vacuole is crucial for growth and development and has a variety of functions, including storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury. Depending on the cell type and growth conditions, the size of vacuoles is highly dynamic. Different types of cell vacuoles store different substances, such as alkaloids, protein enzymes, inorganic salts, sugars, etc., and play important roles in multiple signaling pathways. Here, we summarize vacuole formation, types, vacuole-located proteins, and functions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document