scholarly journals Evaluation of the Relationships between Intestinal Regional Lymph Nodes and Immune Responses in Viral Infections in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Yayoi Aoki ◽  
Tomoya Ikeda ◽  
Naoto Tani ◽  
Miho Watanabe ◽  
Takaki Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cultured Human Cells ◽  
Iga Production

Viral infections increase the risk of developing allergies in childhood, and disruption of mucosal homeostasis is presumed to be involved. However, no study has reported a role for viral infections in such disruption. In this study, we clarified the mechanism of immunoglobulin A (IgA) overproduction in viral infections. Autopsies were performed on 33 pediatric cases, IgA and interferon (IFN)β levels were measured, and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were conducted. Furthermore, we cultured human cells and measured IFNβ and IgA levels to examine the effect of viral infections on IgA production. Blood IgA levels in viral infections were higher than in bacterial infections. Moreover, IFNβ levels in most viral cases were below the detection limit. Cell culture revealed increased IgA in gastrointestinal lymph nodes, especially in Peyer’s patches, due to enhanced IFNβ after viral stimulation. Conversely, respiratory regional lymph nodes showed enhanced IgA with no marked change in IFNβ. Overproduction of IgA, identified as an aberration of the immune system and resulting from excessive viral infection-induced IFNβ was observed in the intestinal regional lymph nodes, particularly in Peyer’s patches. Further, increased IgA without elevated IFNβ in the respiratory system suggested the possibility of a different mechanism from the gastrointestinal system.

Virus-associated activation of innate immunity induces rapid disruption of Peyer’s patches in mice

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (15) ◽  
pp. 2591-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Heidegger ◽  
David Anz ◽  
Nicolas Stephan ◽  
Bernadette Bohn ◽  
Tina Herbst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Type I ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Key Points

Key Points Systemic virus infection leads to rapid disruption of the Peyer’s patches but not of peripheral lymph nodes. Virus-associated innate immune activation and type I IFN release blocks trafficking of B cells to Peyer’s patches.

Localization of Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Somatostatin, and Substance P in Distinct Compartments of Human Lymphoid Organs

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Reubi ◽  
Ursula Horisberger ◽  
Andreas Kappeler ◽  
Jean A. Laissue
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Peptide Receptors ◽  
Vip Receptors

Regulatory peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), or substance P (SP), are considered to play a role in immune regulation. To localize the targets of these peptides in the human immune system, their receptors have been evaluated with in vitro receptor autoradiography in lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches, spleen, and thymus. The three peptide receptors were detected in all lymphoid tissues tested, but, unexpectedly, usually in distinct compartments. In lymph nodes, palatine tonsils, vermiform appendix, and Peyer's patches, VIP receptors were found in the CD3 positive zone around lymphoid follicles; SS receptors in the germinal centers of secondary follicles; and SP receptors mainly in interfollicular blood vessels. In the spleen, VIP receptors were detected in periarterial lymphatic sheaths, SS receptors in the red pulp, and SP receptors in the central arteries. In the thymus, VIP receptors were present in cortex and medulla, SS receptors in the medulla, and SP receptors in blood vessels. For comparison, cholecystokinin (CCK)-A and -B receptors were not demonstrated in any of these tissues. These results suggest a strong compartmentalization of the three peptide receptors in human lymphoid tissues and represent the molecular basis for the understanding of a very complex and interactive mode of action of these peptides.

scholarly journals Eosinophilia in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 5.

1990 ◽  
Vol 172 (5) ◽  
pp. 1425-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
L A Dent ◽  
M Strath ◽  
A L Mellor ◽  
C J Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Interleukin 5

Experiments in vitro suggest that although interleukin 5 (IL-5) stimulates the late stages of eosinophil differentiation, other cytokines are required for the generation of eosinophil progenitor cells. In this study transgenic mice constitutively expressing the IL-5 gene were established using a genomic fragment of the IL-5 gene coupled to the dominant control region from the gene encoding human CD2. Four independent eosinophilic transgenic lines have thus far been established, two of which with 8 and 49 transgene copies, are described in detail. These mice appeared macroscopically normal apart from splenomegaly. Eosinophils were at least 65- and 265-fold higher in blood from transgenics, relative to normal littermates, and approximately two- or sevenfold more numerous relative to blood from mice infected with the helminth Mesocestoides corti. Much more modest increases in blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte numbers were noted in transgenics, relative to normal littermates (less than threefold). Thus IL-5 in vivo is relatively specific for the eosinophil lineage. Large numbers of eosinophils were present in spleen, bone marrow, and peritoneal exudate, and were highest in the line with the greatest transgene copy number. Eosinophilia was also noted in histological sections of transgenic lungs, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and gut lamina propria but not in other tissues examined. IL-5 was detected in the sera of transgenics at levels comparable to those seen in sera from parasite-infected animals. IL-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were not found. IL-5 mRNA was detected in transgenic thymus, Peyer's patches, and superficial lymph nodes, but not in heart, liver, brain, or skeletal muscle or in any tissues from nontransgenics. Bone marrow from transgenic mice was rich in IL-5-dependent eosinophil precursors. These data indicate that induction of the IL-5 gene is sufficient for production of eosinophilia, and that IL-5 can induce the full pathway of eosinophil differentiation. IL-5 may therefore not be restricted in action to the later stages of eosinophil differentiation, as suggested by earlier in vitro studies.

scholarly journals Commensal microbiota drive proliferation of conventional and Foxp3+Regulatory CD4+T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Cording ◽  
Diana Fleissner ◽  
Markus M. Heimesaat ◽  
Stefan Bereswill ◽  
Christoph Loddenkemper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

scholarly journals Oral Immunization with ATP-Dependent Protease-Deficient Mutants Protects Mice against Subsequent Oral Challenge with Virulent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Matsui ◽  
Masato Suzuki ◽  
Yasunori Isshiki ◽  
Chie Kodama ◽  
Masahiro Eguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Oral Challenge ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Lon Protease ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT We evaluated the efficacy of mutants with a deletion of the stress response protease gene as candidates for live oral vaccine strains against Salmonella infection through infection studies with mice by using a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mutant with a disruption of the ClpXP or Lon protease. In vitro, the ClpXP protease regulates flagellum synthesis and the ClpXP-deficient mutant strain exhibits hyperflagellated bacterial cells (T. Tomoyasu et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:645-653, 2002). On the other hand, the Lon protease negatively regulates the efficacy of invading epithelial cells and the expression of invasion genes (A. Takaya et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:224-232, 2002). When 5-week-old BALB/c mice were orally administered 5 × 108 CFU of the ClpXP- or Lon-deficient strain, bacteria were detected with 103 to 104 CFU in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and cecum 1 week after inoculation and the bacteria then decreased gradually in each tissue. Significant increases of lipopolysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA were detected at week 4 and maintained until at least week 12 after inoculation in serum and bile, respectively. Immunization with the ClpXP- or Lon-deficient strain protected mice against oral challenge with the serovar Typhimurium virulent strain. Both the challenged virulent and immunized avirulent salmonellae were completely cleared from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and even cecum 5 days after the challenge. These data indicate that Salmonella with a disruption of the ATP-dependent protease ClpXP or Lon can be useful in developing a live vaccine strain.

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