scholarly journals Regenerative Neurology and Regenerative Cardiology: Shared Hurdles and Achievements

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Dinko Mitrečić ◽  
Valentina Hribljan ◽  
Denis Jagečić ◽  
Jasmina Isaković ◽  
Federica Lamberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Heart Infarction ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Systems ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Brain

From the first success in cultivation of cells in vitro, it became clear that developing cell and/or tissue specific cultures would open a myriad of new opportunities for medical research. Expertise in various in vitro models has been developing over decades, so nowadays we benefit from highly specific in vitro systems imitating every organ of the human body. Moreover, obtaining sufficient number of standardized cells allows for cell transplantation approach with the goal of improving the regeneration of injured/disease affected tissue. However, different cell types bring different needs and place various types of hurdles on the path of regenerative neurology and regenerative cardiology. In this review, written by European experts gathered in Cost European action dedicated to neurology and cardiology-Bioneca, we present the experience acquired by working on two rather different organs: the brain and the heart. When taken into account that diseases of these two organs, mostly ischemic in their nature (stroke and heart infarction), bring by far the largest burden of the medical systems around Europe, it is not surprising that in vitro models of nervous and heart muscle tissue were in the focus of biomedical research in the last decades. In this review we describe and discuss hurdles which still impair further progress of regenerative neurology and cardiology and we detect those ones which are common to both fields and some, which are field-specific. With the goal to elucidate strategies which might be shared between regenerative neurology and cardiology we discuss methodological solutions which can help each of the fields to accelerate their development.

scholarly journals Microphysiological Systems: A Pathologist’s Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-368
Author(s):  
Radhakrishna Sura ◽  
Terry Van Vleet ◽  
Brian R. Berridge
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Microphysiological Systems ◽  
Regulatory Acceptance

High-throughput in vitro models lack human-relevant complexity, which undermines their ability to accurately mimic in vivo biologic and pathologic responses. The emergence of microphysiological systems (MPS) presents an opportunity to revolutionize in vitro modeling for both basic biomedical research and applied drug discovery. The MPS platform has been an area of interdisciplinary collaboration to develop new, predictive, and reliable in vitro methods for regulatory acceptance. The current MPS models have been developed to recapitulate an organ or tissue on a smaller scale. However, the complexity of these models (ie, including all cell types present in the in vivo tissue) with appropriate structural, functional, and biochemical attributes are often not fully characterized. Here, we provide an overview of the capabilities and limitations of the microfluidic MPS model (aka organs-on-chips) within the scope of drug development. We recommend the engagement of pathologists early in the MPS design, characterization, and validation phases, because this will enable development of more robust and comprehensive MPS models that can accurately replicate normal biology and pathophysiology and hence be more predictive of human responses.

Transcytosis: Crossing Cellular Barriers

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAMELA L. TUMA ◽  
ANN L. HUBBARD
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Vesicle Traffic ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Transport Of Macromolecules

Tuma, Pamela L., and Ann L. Hubbard. Transcytosis: Crossing Cellular Barriers. Physiol Rev 83: 871–932, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00001.2003.—Transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other, is a strategy used by multicellular organisms to selectively move material between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the different cell types using transcytosis in vivo, the variety of cargo moved, and the diverse pathways for delivering that cargo. We evaluate in vitro models that are currently being used to study transcytosis. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis by endothelial cells that line the microvasculature and carry circulating plasma proteins to the interstitium is explained in more detail, as is clathrin-mediated transcytosis of IgA by epithelial cells of the digestive tract. The molecular basis of vesicle traffic is discussed, with emphasis on the gaps and uncertainties in our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms that regulate transcytosis. In our view there is still much to be learned about this fundamental process.

Comparative Cell Toxicology: The Basis for In Vitro Toxicity Testing

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Hasso Seibert ◽  
Michael Gulden ◽  
Jens-Uwe Voss
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Type B ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
In Vitro Systems

If “cell toxicology” is defined as the discipline aimed at studying the general principles of chemical interference with cellular structures and/or functions, then “comparative cell toxicology” may be defined as the study of the variety of responses to xenobiotics using: (a) different endpoints within one cell type; (b) cell types from different tissues from one species; and (c) homologous cell types from different species. If the full potential of in vitro models for toxicity testing is to be realised and the scientific basis for hazard assessment improved, then comparative cell toxicological approaches have to be developed further. In the present paper, an approach using different in vitro systems is described. The approach is aimed at the assessment of the basic toxicological characteristics of chemicals.

Proteins involved in the attachment of actin to the plasma membrane

1982 ◽  
Vol 299 (1095) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Protein ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Microfilament Bundles ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Adhesion Plaque ◽  
The Brain

Proteins that may be involved in two types of actin-membrane association are discussed. The first set includes α-actinin, vinculin, fimbrin and a new cytoskeletal protein that are all concentrated in adhesion plaques, those regions of cultured fibroblasts where bundles of actin microfilaments terminate and where the plasma membrane comes close to the underlying substrate. The properties of non-muscle α-actinin suggest that it functions to cross-link actin filaments and thereby stabilize microfilament bundles rather than functioning in their attachment to the membrane. Fimbrin also appears to be involved in bundling of filaments rather than in attachment. In contrast, vinculin binds to the ends of actin filaments in vitro and is probably the best candidate for a role in the attachment of actin to membranes at the adhesion plaque. The discovery of a new protein, 215k, of unknown function, in the adhesion plaque suggests that many more proteins remain to be identified in this region. Attachment of actin filaments to other regions of the plasma membrane is also considered and a protein is described that seems to be a spectrin homologue in brain and other tissues. The brain protein resembles erythrocyte spectrin in its physical properties, in binding actin, in being associated with cell membranes and in crossreacting immunologically. We suggest that the brain protein and erythrocyte spectrin both belong to a family of related proteins (the spectrins) which function in the attachment of actin to membranes in many different cell types.

scholarly journals Spinal cord neural stem cells heterogeneity in postnatal development

STEMedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. e19
Author(s):  
Jelena Ban ◽  
Miranda Mladinic
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Neurogenic Niche ◽  
The Brain

Neural stem cells are capable of generating new neurons during development as well as in the adulthood and represent one of the most promising tools to replace lost or damaged neurons after injury or neurodegenerative disease. Unlike the brain, neurogenesis in the adult spinal cord is poorly explored and the comprehensive characterization of the cells that constitute stem cell neurogenic niche is still missing. Moreover, the terminology used to specify developmental and/or anatomical CNS regions, where neurogenesis in the spinal cord occurs, is not consensual and the analogy with the brain is often unclear. In this review, we will try to describe the heterogeneity of the stem cell types in the spinal cord ependymal zone, based on their origin and stem cell potential. We will also consider specific animal in vitro models that could be useful to identify “the right” stem cell candidate for cell replacement therapies.   

scholarly journals Role of Lipopolysaccharide, Derived from Various Bacterial Species, in Pulpitis—A Systematic Review

Biomolecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Aniela Brodzikowska ◽  
Monika Ciechanowska ◽  
Michał Kopka ◽  
Albert Stachura ◽  
Paweł K. Włodarski
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Pulp Inflammation ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Different Cell Types

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used for induction of inflammation in various human tissues, including dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to summarize current medical literature focusing on (1) cell types used by researchers to simulate dental pulp inflammation, (2) LPS variants utilized in experimental settings and how these choices affect the findings. Our study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched for studies reporting outcomes of lipopolysaccharide application on dental pulp cells in vitro using electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Having gathered data from 115 papers, we aimed to present all known effects LPS has on different cell types present in dental pulp. We focused on specific receptors and particles that are involved in molecular pathways. Our review provides an essential foundation for further research using in vitro models of pulpitis.

scholarly journals 3D bioprinting of hepatocytes: core–shell structured co-cultures with fibroblasts for enhanced functionality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania Taymour ◽  
David Kilian ◽  
Tilman Ahlfeld ◽  
Michael Gelinsky ◽  
Anja Lode
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractWith the aim of understanding and recapitulating cellular interactions of hepatocytes in their physiological microenvironment and to generate an artificial 3D in vitro model, a co-culture system using 3D extrusion bioprinting was developed. A bioink based on alginate and methylcellulose (algMC) was first shown to be suitable for bioprinting of hepatocytes; the addition of Matrigel to algMC enhanced proliferation and morphology of them in monophasic scaffolds. Towards a more complex system that allows studying cellular interactions, we applied core–shell bioprinting to establish tailored 3D co-culture models for hepatocytes. The bioinks were specifically functionalized with natural matrix components (based on human plasma, fibrin or Matrigel) and used to co-print fibroblasts and hepatocytes in a spatially defined, coaxial manner. Fibroblasts acted as supportive cells for co-cultured hepatocytes, stimulating the expression of certain biomarkers of hepatocytes like albumin. Furthermore, matrix functionalization positively influenced both cell types in their respective compartments by enhancing their adhesion, viability, proliferation and function. In conclusion, we established a functional co-culture model with independently tunable compartments for different cell types via core–shell bioprinting. This provides the basis for more complex in vitro models allowing co-cultivation of hepatocytes with other liver-specific cell types to closely resemble the liver microenvironment.

scholarly journals Aβ promotes amyloidogenic processing of APP through a Go/Gβγ signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Antonino ◽  
Paula Marmo ◽  
Carlos Leandro Freites ◽  
Gonzalo Quassollo ◽  
Maria Florencia Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Amyloidogenic Processing ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Aβ Aggregation ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by a cognitive impairment associated to amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and deposition in the brain. Aβ is generated by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase complex. The mechanisms that underlie exacerbated production of Aβ, favoring its deposition in the brain, is largely unknown. In vitro studies have shown that Aβ aggregates trigger enhanced production of Aβ by a yet non described mechanism. Here, we show that in different cell types, including human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), oligomers and fibrils of Aβ enhance the convergence and interaction of APP and BACE1 in endosomal compartments. We demonstrated a key role of Aβ-APP/Go/Gβγ signaling on the amyloidogenic processing of APP. We show that APP mutants with impaired capacity to bind Aβ or to activate Go protein, are unable to exacerbate APP and BACE1 colocalization in the presence of Aβ. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of Gβγ subunits signaling with gallein, abrogate Aβ-dependent interaction of APP and BACE1 in endosomes preventing β-processing of APP. Collectively, these findings uncover a feed-forward mechanism of amyloidogenesis that might contribute to Aβ pathology in early stages of AD and suggest that gallein might have clinical relevance.

scholarly journals MiR-7 in Cancer Development

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Petra Korać ◽  
Mariastefania Antica ◽  
Maja Matulić
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Brain

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of specific mRNA translation. They participate in cellular signaling circuits and can act as oncogenes in tumor development, so-called oncomirs, as well as tumor suppressors. miR-7 is an ancient miRNA involved in the fine-tuning of several signaling pathways, acting mainly as tumor suppressor. Through downregulation of PI3K and MAPK pathways, its dominant role is the suppression of proliferation and survival, stimulation of apoptosis and inhibition of migration. Besides these functions, it has numerous additional roles in the differentiation process of different cell types, protection from stress and chromatin remodulation. One of the most investigated tissues is the brain, where its downregulation is linked with glioblastoma cell proliferation. Its deregulation is found also in other tumor types, such as in liver, lung and pancreas. In some types of lung and oral carcinoma, it can act as oncomir. miR-7 roles in cell fate determination and maintenance of cell homeostasis are still to be discovered, as well as the possibilities of its use as a specific biotherapeutic.

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